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    Education

    Anthony Metivier’s Magnetic Memory Method Podcast

    Learn, Memorize And Recall Anything Using Memory Techniques, Mnemonics And A Memory Palace Fast

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    Latest Episodes:
    Visual Memory: What It Is & How to Improve It May 04, 2022
    Show notes

    Some people say that visual memory boils down to recalling what things look like. That’s part of the picture, sure. But if you really want to understand visual memory thoroughly, you need to dig deeper. And that’s exactly what we’re going to get into on this page. As a memory expert, I personally needed to figure out the definition of this aspect of memory for a few reasons. The main one is that many of my students and coaching clients memorize highly visual information at memory competitions or on the job. For example, some of my clients are police officers or work for the fire department. They need to remember things like license plates and building layouts. And they need to do so in a flash. It’s especially useful to understand the visual aspect of how memory works because visual memory ranges from the concrete to the incredibly abstract. Having health visual memory is therefore essential for navigating the world and you can improve it. So if you’re ready to “see” deeper into what visual recall is really all about, including different ways to make yours sharper, let’s get started. What Is Visual Memory? Visual memory is not merely the ability to recall what you see. This kind of “visual recall” includes how you remember features of reality like: Objects Words People Activities and events Mental images that appear in your imagination Dreams Visual memory is not to be mistaken with visual memory techniques that people use to learn faster in combination with mnemonic images. But you do use visual memory during both learning and recall. When exactly does visual memory come into play? To take just a few examples, a healthy visual memory helps you: Remember where you put your keys and other things you want to stop losing Spelling Incidents that you describe after the fact Copying notes from textbooks and screens Thus, visual memory is technically any kind of memory formed by information that enters your mind through a visual system. This foundational principle is where things get really interesting. For example, there are types of synesthesia where some individuals might experience sounds in highly visual ways. And if you think about it, most of our experience in watching a movie is built not from what we see. The brain builds 70% of the experience (or more) from what we hear. We often think of movies as a visual medium, but studies have shown that our brains build pictures largely from what we hear. With that in mind, Steven J. Luck and Andrew Hollingworth define this term in their book Visual Memory like this: “The memory must retain properties of the original perceptual states generated when the memory was encoded.” This definition of visual memorization means that you could feel something but if your brain translates it into a visual concept at any time, it will count as a visual memory. Let me give you an example: In choreography, many people close their eyes to help them remember moves. Later, they will picture themselves or others going through these movements. In some cases, there are granular details you can visually focus on in your imagination without ever having “seen” them. For example, in martial arts, it’s possible to imagine combat scenarios and how you would move in response without ever having to go through such a situation. This is how powerful our visual senses are, and we draw directly on visual memory in order for our minds to animate or bring to life these hypothetical events. As Susanna Siegel points out in The Contents of Visual Experience, there are a number of ways information (content) enters our minds: We have beliefs about what we see before it is seen (which can cause us to mistake what we’re seeing) What we see guides our physical actions in concrete ways (like when you open your hand to a particular size to accommodate a door handle) We introspect about what something might look like (as in the choreography example above) You also have to think about situations where the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic branch has been stimulated – such as when your pupils dilate. Optical illusions often draw upon these automatic responses to trick our minds. Some of these points might seem abstract, but everything comes down to one word: context. Keep context in mind when defining visual memory and you will enjoy greater accuracy when describing it. How Does Visual Memory Work? As we’ve just discovered, the exact context in which visual memory comes into play matters. For example, if we’re talking about memorizing the content of scenes or events, we need to take into account how our eyes move relative to this kind of sensory input. As John Henderson demonstrates, eye movements are very important to understanding how we remember various scenes and events. These directly impact on how the brain makes a “composite” mental image of what we’ve experienced. As Paul M. Garrett has discussed, visual memory also has a kind of “bottleneck” that limits what you can process to 3-4 items. This means that visual memory is not really experienced or built. It is composed after the fact in collaboration with our working memory. If we’re talking about short term memory as it relates to visual and spatial memory concerns (visuo-spatial), Mitchell R. Riley and Christos Constantinidis urge us to look at neurons in the prefrontal cortex. They conclude that focused attention is the main role the brain performs before visual memories can form. According to Greg D. Reynolds and Alexandra C. Romano, the real place to get an understanding of visual memory is to look at early development. In an article called “The Development of Attention Systems and Working Memory in Infancy,” they show that eye fixation is involuntary. This means that something in our brains drives us to look at things and fix on them until our “posterior orienting system” develops voluntary abilities. In other words, our visual memory trains us to “remember” how to control our eyes by controlling them for us! How is visual memory tested? Typically, you’ll see scientists using the Arthur Benton Visual Retention Test. But here’s an important learning tip: If you’re looking for visual memory examples, it’s useful to look at each stage of life, rather than a blanket approach. How visual memory works when you’re an infant is very different from when you’re age one or ninety one. How to Improve Visual Memory: 13 Visual Memory Exercises and Activities Now we come to the question of improving visual memory. Yes, you can. Keep context in mind as you go through these twelve approaches, however. Your exact definition of visual memory in a specific context matters if you want to reach your goal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ht7Kj0p887k Exercise One: Describe Objects Without Using Certain Words Can you tell me what color an orange is without using the word “orange”? This is an incredible visual memory exercise and perhaps the most challenging. For more challenges, try to describe these objects without referring to them by name: Truck Map Pencil Elf Exercise Two: Use Number Rhymes Have you ever heard of this memory technique for memorizing lists? If you had to memorize the word orange as the first listed word, you could associate it with a gun. That’s because one rhymes with “gun.” You would imagine the gun shooting the orange and the resultant explosion. If you had to memorize “map” as the second word, you could have it rolled up and inserted into a shoe. Shoe is the image for two because the two words rhyme. Come up with your rhymes or learn this pegword method and then memorize ten items in order by causing your rhymed words to interact with the list. Exercise Three: Visualize Acronyms In Space You know what “FBI” stands for, right? But have you ever tried visualizing the letters floating over your head? Here’s a robust list of acronyms to work with, along with a few more related visualization exercises. Exercise Four: Recall An Entire Day When you’re lying in bed tonight, try to recall as much as you can of the day. Make sure you see what’s happening from the minute you wake up and sustain continuous recall as long as you can. If you have aphantasia and can’t see images in your mind, focus on other representations. You can also try my hyperphantasia guided meditation. Exercise Five: Recall Your Dreams Keeping a dream journal is a powerful way to exercise your visual memory. For many years now, I’ve hardly skipped a morning without remembering my dreams. You can learn more about how to remember dreams if you’d like an established procedure to follow. Exercise Six: Visual Meditation There are many ways to meditate. Many will improve your visual memory in a general way. But did you know there are 9 powerful visual meditation exercises you can complete? Try them all! The trick with visual meditation is to pick interesting and engaging material to work with. And you can increase the challenge over time. For example, start with a simple candle flame. Bring an imaginary flame to mind and animate it. Then meditate while thinking about a memorized poem or song lyrics. Try to see the lyrics coming out with correct spelling as your favorite singer performs the song. Can you tell just how much more challenging this second exercise will be? It’s this additional level of challenge that makes it so powerful for your growth. Exercise Seven: Scan Pictures Get out a magazine and look for the main details on your first pass. Name them out loud. Then, take a second pass. Look for things that you missed the first time around, including shadows. Consider visual aspects like the height and width of objects. Also mentally measure the distances between things in the image. Finally, try to figure out the vanishing point and the negative space. These are skills that artists develop, and they are good for your visual memory. It also counts as a powerful cognitive activity that is especially good for adults. Exercise Eight: Verbalize Pictures A simple way to improve your visual memory is to talk about what you see when looking at art. Take this medieval art, for example: It’s challenging to describe, isn’t it? That’s why giving it a go will help your visual memory grow. As you describe what you see, work in different directions. For example, you can start with the birds at the top and work your way down. Then, on your second pass, you can start with the man on the left and move to the right (or vice versa). As you proceed, monitor yourself. Try to make sure that you’re using unique words as much as possible. Instead of always saying “man,” add some variety with words like “monk,” “penitent,” etc. Exercise Nine: Draw A Story From A Book Stephen King says in On Writing that readers rarely imagine characters as he visually describes them. That’s why there aren’t a lot of details about clothing and the like. One excellent way to exercise a number of visual memory aspects is to draw what you imagine with your own hands. If you struggle to visualize characters at all, you can start with ones that you have seen. For example, here’s a drawing of Bender from Futurama I did to create a mnemonic device for myself. You don’t have to be an artist to benefit from the visual memory exercise of drawing characters you know from books, movies or TV programs. Exercise Ten: Draw A Story From Your Life We all have many interesting experiences. But few of us take time to visualize them in a meaningful way. One theme I’ve noticed in my life is the ongoing lack of a stable, permanent home. When I completed this visual memory exercise, I expressed the pain by using fire. Then, I colored a stylized letter “I” in a cooling color. Finally, I added an acronym-poem to help feel okay about this lack of stability in my life. Of all the visual memory strategies I know, this has been the most rewarding. It also plugs deeply into sensory memory and gives it a good exercise. If you like this kind of activity, also consider giving mind mapping a try. Exercise Eleven: Teach Something This approach can take a bit of patience, but it works for a clear and obvious reason. When you teach someone else a skill, you access at least two parts of your visual mind: Your mental image of how you do it A new mental image of how the learner sees an alien task As a bonus variation, try to remember learning to tie your own shoes. You might have a memory of someone explaining it to you as well. Moving between first and third person points of view on a teaching and learning experience is a great way to stretch your visual skills. Exercise Twelve: Study Resemblances And Patterns Do owners really look like their pets? I don’t know, but the more interesting point is to work out why your brain thinks so. Study the picture above. Can you spot the exact characteristics that make you think that there’s a relationship between these two? Write out your answer to verbalize what you’re seeing. Feel free to get your hand out and trace certain features, or even draw them out. You’ll learn a lot in the process. Exercise Thirteen: Use A Memory Palace One of the most effective visual memory exercises involves the Memory Palace technique. It’s a fun way to take locations you see with your own eyes everyday and turn them into a tool that helps you remember things better. To get started, you’ll want to draw your first Memory Palace and then select a few things you want to remember – like words from a language you’ve always wanted to learn. Then, you mentally navigate your way through the rooms you’ve selected, literally using your mind’s eye to help you “see” a journey. I can’t think of a better workout for the visual aspects of your memory than this ancient technique. To learn more about how it can help you exercise your brain and help you remember anything, enrol here: Short Term Visual Memory Vs. Holistic Hyperphantasia Over the years, thousands of people have told me that they want to improve their short term memory. Although that’s fine, really what we all need to be focused on is holistic memory improvement that includes visual improvements. For that, you might benefit from developing hyperphantasia (the opposite of aphantasia). Here’s a guided meditation for that: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAz3_pkqXqc By extending your practice into the multi sensory aspects of your brain, you’ve got a much better chance of eliminating any visual memory deficits currently holding you back. And now you have a ton of exercises you can run through to experience rapid improvement. So what do you say? Which exercise are you going to add to your memory workout first?

    Full show notes at the publisher

    What Is Intrapersonal Intelligence? (And How to Improve Yours) Apr 27, 2022
    Show notes

    Intrapersonal intelligence is one of the most powerful psychological assets you can develop. Why? Because it’s the key to studying independently. This is because intrapersonal intelligence allows you to imagine what other people think and the thought processes they use to accomplish their goals. In other words, if you want to succeed like Einstein, you need to be able to create a mental image like he did. Fortunately, this is easier to do than most people think. And as you’ll discover, intrapersonal intelligence can not only be developed readily by anyone. It is the key to improving how you learn a wide variety of topics, from math to languages, philosophy to acquiring new skills. Ready to improve this aspect of your intelligence? Let’s dive in! What is Intrapersonal Intelligence? “Intrapersonal” literally means within a person. It is a form of insight typically arrived at through reflective thinking. Another way of thinking about it involves realizing that you are not one fixed personality. Rather, your personality is built from multiple parts. Sometimes these parts compete with one another. For example, research has shown that young people choosing vocations might not yet have enough insight about the different parts of their personalities to make solid career decisions. Yet, when these students are given insight into the theory of multiple intelligences, they feel less confused and more confident in the choices they make, even at a younger age. As another study puts it: “Intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to understand oneself and act on that understanding which includes awareness of moods, intentions, motivations, temperaments, desires, self-discipline and self-respecting abilities.” In other words, it’s not just about understanding the different parts of your psychological experience. It’s about using that insight to act in particular ways to produce positive outcomes. Origins and Research Much of the research into intrapersonal intelligence stems from Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Although many people have criticized Gardner’s approach, it has led to many positive changes to education. In particular, many teachers now know how to help young people cultivate metacognitive thinking skills. Helping students improve their intrapersonal intelligence has even been shown to improve math scores. They experience better outcomes because of their increased analytical thinking abilities as such. Similar research has shown improvements in other skills, such as artistic ability and the medical sciences. Indeed, as we learned from Dr. David Reser on the Magnetic Memory Method Podcast, medical students who learned memory techniques as a group by tapping into aspects of their personalities that often go unexercised. Intrapersonal Intelligence Examples To sum up, intrapersonal involves finding the different aspects of your personality and then utilizing them as resources. Many incredible example are available, so let’s get started with some of the most impactful. One: Image Streaming Einstein wasn’t just smart. He was imaginative. And he took every opportunity to visualize the problems in physics he was trying to solve. One technique he used was image streaming. Not only does the technique (as I teach it), walk you through multiple aspects of your personality. It helps you experience the fullest range of sensory visualization modalities. Once you start experiencing these different resources within yourself, you’ll be able to take action on them. Not only that, but if you’ve ever worried that your intelligence is fixed, image streaming helps prove that it isn’t. Two: Masterminding Although it would be a stretch to call Napoleon Hill scientific, many accomplished people have used a technique he called “masterminding” in his book, Think and Grow Rich. In brief, you call up people you’ve read about (like Einstein) and ask them to help you solve various problems. It sounds ridiculous on its face. But in a letter to Lucy Donnelly, the highly influential philosopher Bertrand Russell wrote: “And another thing I greatly value is the kind of communion with past and future discoverers. I often have imaginary conversations with Leibniz, in which I tell him how fruitful his ideas have proved, and how much more beautiful the result is than he could have foreseen; and in moments of self-confidence, I imagine students hereafter having similar thoughts about me. There is a ‘communion of philosophers’…” I often hold conversations with philosophers myself and it is a tremendous tool for solving problems. Rest assured, I have no belief that I’m actually talking to my favorite philosophers. But provided I know their writing well, it’s a perfectly reasonable way of accessing my intrapersonal intelligence and taking action on what comes out. It’s also another reason why philosophy is so important. Three: Battling Monkey Mind Many people struggle with thoughts gone wild. But recent psychological therapies like Internal Family Systems therapy have been helping people tap into their intrapersonal intelligence to deal with psychological problems. In No Bad Parts, Dr. Richard Schwartz helps people identify and tap into their many “sub-minds.” This approach has even shown positive outcomes for certain kinds of chronic pain. Likewise, I have worked with a metacognitive and memory-based meditation technique that helps you experience the multiple parts of the mind. As I shared in my TEDx Talk, this approach works by using questions that help you identify the different parts of your mind and then neutralize them. Four: Bringing Science to Your Intuitions Has anyone ever told you to “follow your gut”? So you did, and yet you still wound up failing badly? Chip and Dan Heath explain why our intuitions often fail in their book Decisive. It’s not that you shouldn’t rely on your intuitions forevermore, but rather, they should be tested. They suggest using their W.R.A.P. technique, which essentially draws upon different aspects of your personality: Widen your options (patience and due diligence) Reality test (analytical thinking) Attain distance (giving yourself space for reflection) Prepare to fail (maturity and discernment) They also recommend talking with experts as much as possible, something that builds your own inner expertise as you learn new skills. Another tool you can use is taught in The Wise Advocate. One of my favorite exercises from the book has you asking yourself if you feel limited or expansive when faced with a decision. By consulting those feelings within yourself, you’ll be sure to make better decisions because you’re using structure to test them. That’s not only what scientific living is all about. It’s also a reliable way to improve your IQ. Five: Mental Strength Often called “resilience,” this intrapersonal strategy involves finding inner resources to help you overcome obstacles. But at an even higher level, you want to set the stage so that you don’t have to call upon resilience in the first place. To help yourself with that, give my mental strength exercises a try. 6 Intrapersonal Intelligence Activities That Can Increase Your Skills Now that we’ve seen some examples of how intrapersonal intelligence plays out, let’s dive into some activities. Please don’t feel that you have to try them all. Pick the ones that make most sense to you. Journal About Your “Selves” Using a journal is an excellent means of self-expression. But we often lock it into the myth of our identity as some kind of unified whole. For the purpose of this exercise, explore different aspects of your many selves. To give you a personal example, I’m responsible for a ton of different activities related to the Magnetic Memory Method Masterclass. As a strategy for maximizing my time as a solopreneur, I keep multiple journals. One is for my “Inner CEO.” Others are for my content creator, my marketer and my researcher. By journaling for each of these aspects of my personality, I’m able to nurture them all and keep this project growing without burning out. Use Memory-Based Meditation There are many kinds of meditation. For example, here’s a number of concentration meditation techniques to explore. But by memory-based meditation, I mean more specifically learning and reciting specific material from memory. The material I have found most successful comes from the work of Gary Weber in books like Happiness Beyond Thought and Evolving Beyond Thought. I’ve summarized the material and teach you how to memorize it in a book called The Victorious Mind. Read Multiple Biographies Once while being interviewed, I told the host that my hardest lesson in life has been remembering that other people do not think the same way I do. As soon as I heard myself say it, I realized that I needed to read more biographies and autobiographies. I was literally starved for perspective! So what’s the trick? Compare and contrast your way of thinking with the thought processes of the people you’re reading – as many other people as possible. And pay extra-special attention to their problem-solving models. Practice Taking Action On Discoveries As you now know, the definition of intrapersonal intelligence is not just insight about your inner workings. It’s about taking action on those insights. How? Try this simple exercise: When you observe an aspect of your personality, create a vision statement around it. If you follow the specific guidelines I give for crafting such a statement, you’ll thoroughly vet the actions you want to take. They’ll be focused towards positive outcomes that will reveal even more about your many inner resources. Write Fiction Even if you have no plans to storm the world with bestselling novels, taking some time to write simple stories will help you explore different aspects of your own personality. When you make up characters or base them on people you know, you’ll be exercising that inner reflection so central to this psychological skill. Plus, because writing is action, you’ll have the full definition covered as you flex your imagination and take action by writing. Learn a Language Without a doubt, language learning is about talking with others. But it creates great internal exercise as you explore different aspects of language as it flows through your mind. It also gives you the opportunity to use a Memory Palace. This learning strategy involves using multiple people and locations in combination to help you absorb vocabulary and phrases faster. As you do, you’ll utilize and improve multiple levels of your personality. Improve Your Intrapersonal Intelligence As you can tell, all it really takes to boost this aspect of your life is a bit of self-reflection and consistent action. You now have a bunch of activities to explore and scientific studies to read. And if you’d like the ultimate learning experience that will help you remember everything you encountered today, consider signing up for my FREE Memory Improvement Kit: It comes with four videos and a number of worksheets you can fill out as you improve your memory. The more you explore your memory, the more you’ll exercise your intrapersonal intelligence. After all, what are we other than the quality of our memory abilities? And where else is our intelligence stored? So what do you say? Are you feeling equipped with knowledge about intrapersonal intelligence and how to improve it? Just shout out if you have any thoughts or questions. I appreciate you visiting the site today and hope to hear about your experiences with this form of personal development soon!

    Full show notes at the publisher

    Linear Thinking: What It Is and How It Can Help You Apr 13, 2022
    Show notes

    Have you been told that you’re a linear thinker? You might have received it as a compliment or a criticism. Either way, people use the term in so many different ways, it can be hard to figure out what exactly linear thinking is supposed to be. Well, if you want to become a better thinker, you’re in the right place. We’re about to think linearly about linear thinking together. And we’re going to think about it in some alinear ways too. The best part? By the time you finish reading this page, you’ll be equipped to think in a variety of ways, in any direction you wish. Perhaps even in an “impossible” direction that follows no line at all because it is completely free from having a point of view. Intrigued? Let’s get started! What is Linear Thinking? Before defining linear thinking, let’s take a step back. Ideally in a “straight” line. When trying to define any kind of thinking, we’re assuming that there are multiple kinds of thinking or thinking styles. This means that we have to sort out the relationships between these thinking styles. But more importantly, we have to think about who is creating their definitions. Linear Thinking in Entrepreneurialism Researchers Charles Vance, Kevin Groves and Herb Kindler devised the LNTSP or Linear-Nonlinear Thinking Style Profile. Their assumption is that linear thinking is characterized by logical and analytical thinking. Nonlinear thinking, they claim, is defined by intuition, insight and creativity. In a follow-up study, they proposed that entrepreneurs would think more linearly than actors. As a subset of this, they predicted that entrepreneurs would also think more linearly than accountants and managers. Is it really true that thinking styles exist? And what did they find out? The answer is complicated because entrepreneurs are often visionary in nature. They respond in off-the-wall ways to unseen market demands only they can perceive. Creativity Can Be Linear The notion of “creativity” when it comes to acting is also problematic. For one thing, there are many different kinds of actors. Method actors, for example, might need to be incredibly logical in order to play the role of a certain character, but use creativity and intuition in order to create the illusion that they are such a person. In other words, actors often “reverse engineer” characters they did not create and base them on studies of people who actually exist. This approach often involves just as much mathematical precision as it does going with gut instinct. Even a highly responsive comic like Robin Williams knows the structural rules that govern how a joke works. Thus, Vance et al’s study ends with the call for more research, noting that educational background experiences might hold the ultimate key to why some people wind up thinking in the ways that they do. If we were to think in a “straight line” about these findings, we would want to note that these researchers are using their own definition of linear thinking. And they’re using their tool for testing their hypothesis. I’d humbly suggest that the entire study is suspect at best, a case of inventing solutions for invented problems without carefully demonstrating that thinking styles exist in the first place. Linear Thinking In Philosophy Now, I’m not saying that thinking styles don’t exist. But as Tesia Marshik has shown in her TEDx Talk and other research about learning styles, such notions are complicated. When it comes to linear thinking in philosophy, Patrick Finn sees linear thinking as a negative aspect of critical thinking. In Critical Condition, he indicts “regulated systems of education” as using “a muscular, linear form of thought” to “control information and training citizens to think in a particular way.” He sees this as a problem in politics, science and especially education. As he points out, universities are no longer related to the meaning of the word: Universitas: the whole. The word for university came from this Latin root. To be educated at the university was to engage with the whole – the whole being, the whole body of knowledge, and the whole of society. Although I don’t disagree with Finn’s discussion of the meaning of this word, it’s not clear to me that knowledge is a “body.” But if it is, it probably doesn’t have any straight lines, and his point is taken. The notion of knowledge as being rounded, rather than straight, is a point made by Deleuze and Guattari in A Thousand Plateaus and other co-author works. They think of knowledge, not as a top-down structure, or a tree as Renaissance scholars like Petrus Ramus described it. Linear Thinking As Escape or Destination? Rather, Deleuze and Guattari think of knowledge as rhizomatic, a lattice-like structure that travels in multiple directions at the same time. In another book called What is Philosophy?, they claim that “to think is always to follow the witch’s flight.” I’m not sure, but I think they are referring to the Wicked Witch in Wizard of Oz, who sometimes chases after Dorothy in a straight line. But other times, she flees in frustration from Dorothy, as if trying to escape. This means that thinking is not always directed at arriving somewhere. Sometimes we do it just to flee the present conditions, commonly known as escapism. The witch also disappears in a puff of smoke after she’s killed. Perhaps Deleuze and Guattari are referring to their notion of deterritorialization as the thoughts of an individual ultimately disappear after they die. Or they might be thinking about philosophy’s ability to neutralize unwanted thoughts, which was the subject of my TEDx Talk. In it, I discuss the highly linear use of good thoughts to remove unhealthy and unpleasant thought patterns – as if they were disappearing into a puff of smoke. Linear Thinking And Time Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a lot about what he called the Eternal Recurrence of the Same. He challenges us to think about how we would live today as perfectly as possible so that we could make full use of it should a “curse” cause it to repeat again and again. In other words, he’s anticipating the movie Groundhog Day by over 100 years. But his concept is a bit more complex than that. As Heidegger explores this idea in his second commentary on Nietzsche, Heidegger suggests that all of the past appears in the present. In other words, all thinking is both linear and alinear. If time is traveling in a straight line, then all thought unfolds as having a beginning, middle and end. Yet, if the entirety of the past is contained in each present moment, then any thought you have in the present moment has perhaps transcended any and all notions of the straight line as we understand it. Linear Thinking In Art Art is either representative or abstract. Representative art is often called pictorial, but art that seeks to explore the representation of representation itself is often called an example of linear thinking. That said, M. C. Escher often used linear thinking in pictorial ways. He frequently drew upon the impossible cube as a reference in many of the rooms he created featuring people navigating impossible staircases, or waterfalls that fed themselves after flowing upwards. Linear Thinking in the Movies Many movies start at the beginning and conclude at the end. Or at least, movies typically start when a character encounters a problem they need to solve and then end when the solution is found. But not all movies work this way. There’s a great western called The Searchers. Like a Greek tragedy, it begins in medias res, or in the middle of things. A lot of subtle clues in the dialog and how the character Ethan dresses fill you in on what his past was like. You need to think in a nonlinear way to properly understand the complexity of his motivations. David Lynch makes movies that mess with time in very intense ways. Both Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive employ a fugue narrative, or what is sometimes called a Möbius strip applied to a story. It’s difficult to explain, but if you read the plot of Lost Highway, you’ll get a sense for how two things are happening at the same time. But you can only really think it through when you see the movie for the second time. More recently, Christopher Nolan has made films that employ similar nonlinear plot devices, such as Inception and Tenet. In fact, Nolan’s The Prestige is adopted from a Christopher Priest novel. Priest has been playing with such nonlinear narrative structures since at least writing his novel The Affirmation. All of these movie and novel examples give you the opportunity to experience nonlinear thinking, noting that it all takes place or unfolds in linear time in your mind. David Lynch uses words like “melt” to describe the effect he’s trying to create, as in story, time and your mind fusing into something else as you experience recursion. By “recursion” I mean the term in the sense of programming where you define a problem in terms of itself, usually a simpler version of the problem. Storytellers using this kind of narrative form ultimately construct an experience of consciousness itself by creating a simpler version of what we imagine consciousness to be in story form. An excellent book that will help you understand this aspect of self-referential thinking further is Douglas Hofstadter’s Gödel Escher Bach. Linear Thinking in Magic In a book called The Illusionist Brain, Jordi Cami and Luis M. Martinez detail how magicians take advantage of how people think. Magicians are incredibly linear thinkers, even if they appear quite creative. This only highlights the problem of trying to divide linear and nonlinear thinking. Magic is an example where logical and linear thinking is used to establish astonishing feats of creativity. There are many books in the world of magic that demonstrate just how logical and linear true creative thinking needs to be. A few quick suggestions include: Designing Miracles by Darwin Ortiz Shattering Illusions by Jamie Ian Swiss In sum, magicians often describe an illusion they want to create and then call it a “problem” they need to solve. There are often many possible solutions, and magicians use linear thinking to find the best possible strategies for creating the illusions, both as individuals and as communities. The community aspect is part of what can make their linear thinking seem alinear. Different magicians sometimes arrive at various solutions independently and only work out later how to attribute “credit” for the solution to an illusion. This process sometimes creates controversy in the magic community, but they typically use logical reasoning to sort things out charitably in the end. Understanding the Linear Thought Process With all these definitions in mind, let’s look at linear reasoning as a process. Typically, we use reasoning to solve problems. One of the best ways to start is by gathering as many possible solutions as possible. This stage of the process is called divergent thinking. You’re literally focusing on quantity over quality. During the convergent thinking process, you filter those ideas, combine and refine them. Linear Thought Process Example I do this week after week on my blog, podcast and YouTube channel using mind mapping. Mind mapping using linear and nonlinear thinking at the same time in order to help create multimedia content. Using the topic as a central keyword, I move outward in clockwise formation. Each tributary is an idea that helps explain the central concept. Once a set of divergent ideas have been collected, I let them sit for a while. And I often come back and add a few more ideas, stimulated by having the mind map in my environment. Then, I converge the ideas into a linear outline. Finally, I write the article and record the audio visual component. Ultimately, this is a linear thinking example even though it contains some alinear elements. Using a circle instead of top-down structure in the beginning makes it easy to incorporate arrows that show connections at a glance. If it were created in a document, it would wind up “locking” material onto individual pages. Either way, the process unfolds over time and is much more linear as a result. And even if people consume my content “out of order,” they still take in the snippets according to the flow of time. Linear Analysis Of course, creating diverging ideas and synthesizing them through convergence is not enough. Once you’ve arrived at the final product, you need to put it out there and analyze the response. Depending on your field, there may be just a few diagnostic tools you use. Or you might need to combine dozens in order to get a picture of what the data is telling you. When it comes to a mental performance activity like memory training, the metrics for analysis are usually quite simple. You have very few gray areas because you’ve either remembered something or you haven’t. But you can test how much of a Memory Palace worked vs. how much gave you issues. And you can look at how many of the Magnetic Modes you used and chart out a path for improvement by making sure you also include more. In the case of the mind mapping I use before creating content on this blog, I analyze multiple metrics, including: How many people visit the content How long they interact with it Have they interacted with other content before and what kinds What part of the world they’re from What time of day they visited Did they leave comments or not Did they share or not Because I have thousands of multimedia articles I’ve produced over the years and they are all live and online at the same time, the data pool is intense. To help think through everything as thoroughly as possible, my team and I visualize the data by transforming the raw numbers into charts and graphs. A linear reasoning example using a graph to help make decisions about content creation. Using linear reasoning, it’s useful to think about what kinds of content to create more of and what to deemphasize. Although this kind of data science sometimes leads to brutal decision making that temporarily feels like it’s squashing your creativity, that’s not really the case. True creativity comes back to solving problems like a magician in order to achieve your goals. Expect in this case, there are no illusions and the success is real. Linear Thinking vs. Nonlinear Thinking As we’ve seen, some scientists approach the definition of these two kinds of thinking quite simply. They divide logic and rationality from creativity and intuition. But as I’ve shown, there are many creative arts that involve strict linearity in order to create innovations. Ultimately, I’m not convinced that “nonlinear” thinking exists, if only because the stuff of thought unfolds in time. We not only think forwards, but also consume and interpret information following time’s arrow. Plus, just because we might be consciously aware of having followed our intuitions, this does not mean that the unconscious mind that gives birth to intuition isn’t linear. Although controversial, this was the great contribution of psychoanalysis, which boils down to the idea that a hidden part of our mind makes calculations on our behalf. One thinker, Jacques Lacan, argued that the unconscious is in fact structured like a language. Symbolic Thinking Instead of approaching it as the difference between linear and nonlinear thinking, he thought it was more a matter of deep structures and surface structures – but not quite. Imagine that you have three different kinds of minds at the same time. One is tracking the real world, one is creating the world as it needs to be in order to avoid overwhelm, and the third is constantly tapping into a mind that symbolizes the entire species. Lacan called these three kinds of simultaneous thinking: Symbolic Real Imaginary Many cultures, philosophies, and thinkers have presented similar ways of describing thinking. What makes Lacan’s interesting is how he discussed the impossibility of speaking the truth for human beings. We cannot represent the…

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    How to Stop Forgetting Things Once and For All Apr 06, 2022
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    Want to know how to stop forgetting things? Well, you’re in the right place if you’re tired of asking yourself, “Why do I keep forgetting things?” I’m an internationally acclaimed memory expert and I promise you this: The answer is actually very simple. So simple it will probably surprise you. But even better than shock and amaze you, I’m confident the answer will help you tremendously. You see, there are some incredibly simple techniques that will help you remember just about anything you want. And when you do forget, your annoyance with losing track of information will completely disappear. Follow the steps further down this page, and you may wind up never being bothered by forgetfulness again. Ready? Let’s dig in! Why Do I Keep Forgetting Things? The Answer Forgetting plays an important role in human experience. And yet, some people have doubted that forgetting actually exists. For example, Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: The existence of forgetting has never been proved: we only know that some things do not come to our mind when we want them to. Nietzsche clues us in on something very important with this quote: In order for things to come to mind, they need to have entered the mind in the first place. My point? It’s this: One: Not Paying Attention in the First Place A major reason we think we’ve forgotten things isn’t a reason at all. If we haven’t paid proper attention to a detail, then it never entered long term memory in the first place. It can be humbling to admit that we haven’t been attentive. But it’s one of the keys to experiencing improvement, as we’ll discuss in a moment. Two: Storage Failure Let’s say that you did pay attention, however. It’s possible that a memory was formed, but it was nonetheless not stored correctly. This can happen because incoming information often has to compete with other stimuli. For example, when you’re meeting new people, you might also be given details about where they live and their occupation. Another term for this is cue overload. As a result, the flow of multiple data points somehow corrupts how the main detail you wanted got stored. John Wixted outlines a few different kinds of interference. In addition to competing stimuli, you might also experience storage failure from: Proactive interference Retroactive interference The first happens when something you’ve learned before messes with the learning of something new. For example, if you learned something that was incorrect in the past and discover a correct version of that fact, the primacy effect might maintain the storage of the inaccurate data despite new learning. Your brain thus fails to store the truth. The second kind of interference happens when something about the way you’re learning a new detail interferes. You might experience this kind of storage failure when ineffectively using a software like Anki or even old-fashioned flashcards. Three: Retrieval Failure Let’s assume that your brain has recorded everything absolutely correctly. You might still forget something if something interferes with the retrieval process. These kinds of interferences can literally cause information you know very well to evaporate. Scientists have found this kind of forgetting interesting, but don’t yet know exactly why it happens. Endel Tulving linked it to cue-dependent forgetting. The research basically suggests that if words are grouped in categories, you might remember more of them better. But when randomness is introduced, forgetting goes up. Part of the issue relates to how memory works, particularly spatial memory. And that’s why when someone prompts you or gives you a trigger that relates thematically or categorically, you can sometimes get back the information that you forgot or felt lingering on the tip of your tongue. Four: The Influence of Time Did you know that it’s possible to forget your mother tongue without suffering a brain injury or symptoms of a disease? The problem is called linguistic deskilling. I experienced it myself while living in Germany and speaking hardly any English. Basically, this kind of forgetting follows the “use it or lose it,” principle. Or, more scientifically, we can think about the forgetting curve, which helps predict how time will degrade the ability to remember things if they aren’t recalled regularly. Five: Repression Sigmund Freud is a controversial figure. But many people forget the value of his goals. For example, in Remembering and Forgetting Freud in Early Twentieth-Century Dreams, John Forrester reminds us that psychoanalysis was meant to be “self-annihilating.” When it worked, the point was never to need it again or even think about it. To help heal people from their ailments, psychoanalysis explores ways to uncover repressed memories. The theory goes that because these memories are still lingering in the unconscious mind, they are trying to “return” so that you’ll attend to them. This is the so-called “return of the repressed” that has been so influential on the horror genre in novels and film. More sophisticated psychoanalytical research has extended the notion of repression to a kind of filtering. Dr. Robert Langs, for example, influenced many practitioners with his suggestion that the unconscious prevents certain “threats” from getting noticed by the conscious mind. If true, his theory explains why we are sometimes told by our partners and loved ones critical details. We not only can’t remember the details. We can’t even remember being told. For whatever reason, the unconscious mind has perceived it as a threat and completely filtered it out. Six: Adaptation Another reason people forget is that some information is simply deprecated. For example, there’s zero reason for me to remember the phone number my family had when I was 7 years old. I can remember our area code, but that’s because the information is still useful. The actual phone number, which hasn’t been used in decades, is not. I also can’t remember the exact number of the house, though I can still remember the street name. Again, this kind of forgetting happens because specific details are no longer useful. I still refer to that street and the entire neighborhood when using a Memory Palace, but the exact house number has no particular function. How to Stop Forgetting Things Once and For All: 7 Tips Now that we’ve looked at the many reasons why we forget, let’s remove the problem altogether. I said that the solution might surprise you, and I’m confident it will. When you operate in this way, I think you’ll soon be completely unbothered by forgetting, even if it still happens from time to time. Tip One: Pause, Label, Carry On I give many presentations. Even though I’m a memory expert who exercises my mind regularly, I still forget things. I probably forget things more than the average person because I present off-the-cuff so often. Over the years, I’ve learned that the best thing to do is to simply call a spade a spade. Specifically, I do this: Pause to give myself a second to see if I’ll remember the detail If I don’t, I label it as “yet to come” and state, “it’ll probably come to me in a second” Carry on with the presentation or conversation I don’t have an exact percentage, but much more often than not, the information I was looking for will suddenly pop into my mind. Tip Two: Run the Alphabet An alternative strategy I’ll use when I really want to remember a detail is to start reciting the alphabet. This strategy isn’t as foolproof as the first tip, but can still be effective. It’s also great mental exercise. The reason I think it works is that it tackles the Ugly Sister Effect head on. Instead of getting overwhelmed by many possible names of actors or whatever you’re searching for, you actually cause your brain to run through a list in a structured manner. As an example, let’s say I’m trying to remember an actor’s name like Tom Cruise. If it doesn’t come to mind, I’ll start silently naming actors I can remember by starting at A. (Adam West… Bill Murray… Christian Bale…) etc. Give it a try the next time you forget something. Tip Three: Memorize a Wide Variety Of Information Types Although I do still forget things – usually temporarily – one thing I believe helps reduce this from happening is memorizing multiple types of information. In your personal memory practice, I recommend you balance your time by practicing memorizing: Vocabulary Numbers using the Major System Verbatim material like scripture or a speech Symbols Musical information like the key signature or notes on a guitar Figural elements like the shapes and colors in paintings Tip Four: Use a Memory Palace Network Simply the best tool for exercising your memory is a technique called the Memory Palace. Basically, you bring rooms that you’re familiar with to mind and then imaginatively layer associations on the walls and furniture. These associations help you recall things in turn. It’s fast, fun and like a video game you play in your mind. If you’d like to learn it, give this free course a try: Make sure to use your Memory Palaces in combination with Recall Rehearsal for best results. Tip Five: Creative Repetition Another major reason people forget things is that they use rote learning. Not only does rote learning suck the life out of engaging with information. It’s been shown to harm your ability to think critically. The alternative is creative repetition, which involves elaborative encoding and following the rules of active recall. As a quick example, to help remember that ALF is an acronym for “accelerated long term forgetting,” I will: Imagine Alf from the show about an alien Hear his voice in my mind Compound in an image of Alfred, Batman’s butler Layer in the feeling of holding a butler’s tray in my hand and forgetting it’s there Feel Alf’s emotional reaction to the horror at forgetting such an object Imaginatively taste and smell the coffee on the tray Then, when mentally recalling all of these details, I’ll trigger those different creative sensations. Operating this way encodes memories so much faster and more thoroughly for the long term. Tip Six: Focus On Laser Specific Learning Goals Some people are so focused on having it all that they can’t think analytically about how the universe really works. In reality, we only have so much time and no one has to remember everything about any single topic. Instead of trying to have it all, focus on well-selected and carefully formed learning goals. There’s an art and science to how to select and create such projects, so you might want to check out Read with Momentum for information about how to do that. Specificity is itself a memory aid. The goal is to create a strong network of references. These help you trigger off the information you want to remember because the knowledge web is tight by design. There’s another reason specificity is so important. You’re here because you searched for how to stop forgetting things. The problem is that this term could mean anything whatsoever. A sure fire to forget more is to learn and live in unstructured ways. But when we focus our memory training on dedicated outcomes, our results are astonishing. Tip Seven: Value Forgetting As you’ve discovered, we forget for a variety of reasons. Some of them are normal and healthy, such as information that will never be used again. If we couldn’t forget, we’d probably experience torture. Jill Price’s experience should be a wakeup call to anyone who fantasizes about having photographic memory, for example. There’s another reason I value forgetting: If I didn’t forget from time to time, I wouldn’t have discovered the tips you’ve learned today. And I wouldn’t have been able to find ways to improve my personal use of memory techniques. As a result, it would be fair to say that forgetting has been more valuable than remembering in many ways. So, what do you say? Was Nietzsche right? Has forgetting never been proven to exist? Or does it have a healthy place in our lives? Although I take Nietzsche’s point and find it useful as a philosophical question, it’s clear to me personally that forgetting is a powerful asset. And whenever we want to remember? We can. We just need to use the tools and strategies that work.

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    How to Overcome a Memory Block (Guide From a Memory Expert) Mar 23, 2022
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    My worst mental block happened back in 2008 while giving a lecture. I was standing behind the podium when a huge panic attack burst inside my chest. Although I’m usually very good at remembering what I want to say, when I want to say it… during that moment, I found myself speechless. I had no idea what I had just been talking about and couldn’t find the thread needed to get myself back on track. Embarrassed beyond belief, I dismissed the class and retreated home. I decided I would never be caught cold like that again. Fast-forward to February 2020. I made a small error while delivering a TEDx speech. Using the techniques you’re about to discover, I rapidly recovered because I not only had the thread firmly in my hands. But overcoming mental blocks under pressure has become my speciality. Are you ready for all my best tips? Great! Let’s get started! What is a Mental Block? Mental blocks can be defined in a few different ways. But Tobore Onojighofia Tobore gives the best definition I’ve seen: A memory block or mental block is the sudden inability to focus and remember due to a failure of learning and mental representation. Tobore gives us an important way to think about this problem because mental blocks can happen to anyone, no matter how skilled or experienced you might be. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpjjATXXRq8 There are also levels of mental blocks a person can experience. For example, think of the difference between writer’s block, when the person can’t write at all, and writing a bad book. An experienced author should know better than to produce second-rate work, yet even Stephen King has admitted in On Writing that he’s capable of producing a dud. He may not have been blocked from writing altogether, but something in his brain failed to remember what makes a story great. Likewise, a student can show up to an exam and often remember enough to answer the questions. But they might struggle to recall the nuances that make the difference between a C+ and an A. Tobore thinks that it boils down to the strength of your neuronal connections and their resistance to disruption. The 5 Main Mental Block Causes If Tobore is correct (and I think he is), this means that the typical explanations for why we experience mental blocks are incorrect. Typically, we’re told that we experience them when we’re: Overwhelmed Tired Stressed Unrested Although these states certainly can contribute to poor focus and an inability to access memory (stress in particular), they are not strong explanations. We know this because many people who play Jeopardy, act on stage or give speeches face all of these factors and yet still perform well. Athletes also have to access procedural memory under grueling conditions, so it just doesn’t make sense that these oft-cited factors are to blame. I know from personal experience that they aren’t to blame because I often perform perfectly well despite suffering all of the above issues, including chronic pain. So if we can’t point the finger at those issues, what factors do reliably explain our mental blocks when we have them? One: Lack of Preparation Most people experience blocks because they simply haven’t prepared themselves thoroughly enough. They may have skimmed or scanned books instead of reading them thoroughly. Sloppy reading prevents the brain from forming enough connections to frame a complete enough picture. Instead of a study foundation, you wind up with mental sand that easily blows away in the wind. When I had my panic attack in front of the lecture hall, I was still a rookie. A huge part of my problem was that I hadn’t put a lot of thought into how I was going to end the lecture. I was okay up until the close and thought I could wing it. But I was wrong and that led to me experiencing a massive mental block. Two: Lack of Practice As a professor, I’ve marked hundreds of exams and essays. It’s easy to spot the work of students who have put in the practice and those who have not. When I myself had field exams and a dissertation defense to pass before getting my Phd, I practiced each and every one. It was as simple as getting friends to test me and following the rules around what is called dedicated pactice. Performance-wise, when I gave my TEDx Talk, I wasn’t feeling all that well. But it didn’t matter because I’d practiced reciting the talk multiple times. I’d even memorized it and written it out by hand three times to make sure I knew it inside and out. That way, no matter how tired, overwhelmed or stressed I felt, I knew I could rely on memory consolidation alone both in terms of the procedural memory of delivering the talk and semantic memory of the words and phrases. Three: Communication Challenges Some people have congenital issues or brain disease. For example, some people might suffer from aphasia and need to be trained to rely on formulaic speech patterns. But because the flows of normal speech are not necessarily tidy, people with these issues can quickly find themselves blocked. Although you could interpret such situations as “overwhelm,” it is a very specific kind of overwhelm based on the fact that parts of the brain have been impaired. Looking back at the panic attack I had in the lecture hall, it happened during a time when I did a lot of drinking. This left my brain dehydrated and because I privileged alcohol over nutritious food, it’s little wonder I couldn’t even innovate a conclusion to my talk that day. Four: Focusing On The Block It’s easy to get caught like a deer in headlights when a mental block arises. Instead of easing your way out of it, you wind up doubling down on the symptoms. This happens because your brain focuses on the problem instead of possible solutions. Options include: Taking a few deep breaths Getting a drink of water and/or a snack Taking a walk or stretching If you’re in an exam, you might be pleasantly surprised by how generous your examiner might be if you need to take a break. But if you hyper-focus on the problem, you might not even think about asking. In the case of my lecture, I could have easily excused myself for a moment and used a few breathwork routines I knew to bring myself back to center. I was too involved in the panic attack itself to even think about pursuing this possible solution. You might doubt that taking a few deep breaths will help. However, studies have shown that there’s a relationship between breathing and memory formation. Five: Negative Patterns Related to focusing on the mental block itself, it’s easy to repeat negative thoughts that make the problem worse. For example, students often tell themselves during exams, “I don’t know this!” They repeat the statement like a mantra instead of moving on to the next question and coming back to where they’re blocked. Even as a person experienced at speaking and taking multiple exams, that day in the lecture hall, I found myself repeating, “I’m freaking out!” Although it can be good to acknowledge whatever state you’re in, you need to label it as fear, not participate in the fear. This is an important finding of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), which reveals that people are often more afraid of the fear itself compared to the fear of failing or looking silly because they forget what they were going to say. Research in this area is relatively new, but some researchers have found that practicing giving public talks in a virtual reality environment can help people with public speaking anxiety learn not to get into such mental downward spirals just as well as CBT. Such findings substantiate Tobere’s argument that mental blocks ultimately come down to the strength of memory consolidation at the cellular level because strong neural connections help prevent falling into the spiral in the first place. How to Overcome A Memory Block in 9 Steps Now that you know what really causes mental blocks, let’s look at removing them on demand. These suggestions will work no matter how overwhelmed or stressed you might find yourself. Do they require extra effort? Sure. But at the end of the day, it’s usually the absence of effort that leads to the problem in the first palace. And since you’re here, you obviously want to be a top performer. Let me share my best solutions, earned from the trenches of having suffered myself from mental blocks. If some of my solutions seem quirky, it’s because things like getting enough sleep or chatting with friends just weren’t options for me. One: Plan Ahead and Finish Early I suffered anxiety for many decades, not just during my first years as a university professor. As an undergrad, one of my go-to strategies for making sure I got top grades involved discovering what would be required of me as far ahead as possible. To do this, the moment I knew what courses I would be taking, I would email my professor and ask for the course syllabi. They weren’t always willing to give them ahead of the class start day, but often enough they would. Then, I would get the exam and assignment dates on my calendar and start reading. In courses where I had to wait for the start to get this information, I would immediately add those dates. Because I usually worked at least one, but sometimes two or more jobs while studying, I reduced my stress and overwhelm by starting the essay assignments early. When professors were receptive to it, I would hand them in early as well and try to get advance feedback. That way I could improve them before the due date and get even better grades. This might seem over the top, but the top grades I earned helped in earning scholarships that kept my student debt as low as possible. As a result, I had much less stress. Two: Customize the Questions In my last year as an undergrad, I was required to complete a fourth year level course in Romantic literature. I loved the topic, but for some reason, the professor was hard on me. When I asked for an alternative assignment to giving an oral presentation because I was still getting used to shaking from lithium I had to take, he made me spend my precious study time getting a letter to prove that I had the issue. And he wouldn’t accept the letter from my doctor. He wanted it from a counselor at the university’s Behavioral Sciences department. When I finally got the alternative assignment, he made me read Goethe novels that were 3x longer than the material I would have read for the oral assignment. This meant that I had less study time for the final exam in the course. During the final exam, I was unprepared for an entire question on a play called Cain by Lord Byron. Rather than leave the question blank and accept a zero for such a huge portion of the exam, I scratched out the question. In its place, I wrote, “Explain the difference between Coleridge and Wordsworth’s approaches to Romanticism.” I’d relied on this tactic a few times before and thought for sure that this particular professor would still give me a zero. But as things turned out, I passed the course with an A. Three: Learn and Practice Depth Relaxation I have been interested in meditation since high school. But it wasn’t until my PhD years that I really got into practicing it seriously. And as part of my research into friendship, I took a course to become a certified hypnotherapist, largely to explore the role of persuasion in friendship. In the hypnotherapy program, I learned to relax myself deeply on demand. The guided visualizations I learned to create for myself were golden. I still struggled with panic attacks from time to time, largely because I still drank and would sometimes show up unprepared, but overall, I enjoyed a much more relaxed life. One thing that I’ve found tremendously helpful is to relax while studying. Like Pavlovian conditioning, it seems to help bring the feeling of relaxation back when drawing upon the material. Although not entirely scientific, the advantage this brings possibly relates to what is called context dependent memory. Four: Expand Your Context One reason we experience memory blocks that we can’t get out of is that we simply don’t have a wide enough frame of reference. But by expanding what we know through effective reading strategies, we’re less likely to get blocked in the first place. Our minds will find related topics to discuss or near-substitutes. All people get mentally blocked, but if you watch enough smart people give talks or interviews, you’ll notice that they are expert at finding detours when the perfect answer doesn’t immediately come to mind. And the best speakers of all will use rhetorical devices. For example, they’ll say, “I’ll get back to this in a moment, but let me first talk about _____.” Often, when an expert uses a phrase like this, it’s because they’re buying time. Five: Place the Focus Elsewhere Although I’m a memory expert, I sometimes can’t find the word or reference I’m looking for. When this happens, I simply call a spade a spade and say, “It will come back to me.” Usually, simply by being willing to admit what’s going on in my mind and focus for a moment on something else, the original thought I was looking for pops up on its own. Six: Consult the Alphabet Sometimes when I can’t find the names of people I’m looking for, I choose a simple strategy instead of getting frustated. It happened to me today, for example. I was thinking about Dan Harlan, and for some reason, his last name just wouldn’t come to me. Why? Well, I was tired. Hungry. And frankly, I had no particular big reason why I needed his name at that moment. Nonetheless, I’m a person who works on my memory, so I wanted to remember it. One of my favorite tactics to nudge such information out of memory is to simply run through the alphabet. Like this: Dan A…? Dan B…? Dan C…? Etc. I actually went past H without getting it, but it wasn’t much further before his last name popped into my mind. The next step is to use memory techniques, which we’ll discuss next. Seven: Use Memory Techniques That said, if you use the Memory Palace technique effectively, such mental blocks will happen to you much less frequently. The trick is to use the technique properly. It’s a real skill and like other skills, can only serve you to the extent that you master it. If you need help learning to use it, register for this free course: In it, I’ll guide you through a number of simple exercises and steps to follow so that you have multiple Memory Palaces. Here’s a simple use case: To make the name Dan Harlan stronger so I get it more immediately the next time, he is placed in a Memory Palace. In this case, it’s a building I’m aware of in Harlem, New York. I imagine him standing out side of this location with a giant harpoon. I choose this image because harpoon has the Harlan sound in it. Then I have him harpooning a LAN Internet device with a Lando sticker on it (the character from Star Wars) in that location. After visiting this association a few times, Dan Harlan’s name should come back with much greater ease in the future. Eight: Use Other Accelerated Learning Techniques There’s a vast world of tactics you can use in addition to memory techniques. You can learn to read faster and mind map, to take just a few examples. However, don’t be a dabbler. None of these techniques will help much if you don’t pay them their due. And that’s why the next point is so important. Nine: Practice Thoroughly As I mentioned above, I’ve spent a lot of time practicing for exams and presentations. When it comes to practice, the amount of time you practice usually isn’t as important as what you practice during the time you have. Plus, you have to think deeply about the exact area you need practice in. How you practice for taking tests will be different from practicing to give a speech or to perform a magic trick. Know what the masters in your field practice and model them so that you know you’re maximizing the time you have at your disposal. By getting out there and taking the exams or giving speeches from memory, you’ll give yourself important frames of referenc…

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    The 15 Main Thought Processes and How to Improve Them Feb 23, 2022
    Show notes

    Welcome to the ultimate list of thought processes. A definitive resource you can bookmark and refer to whenever you want to sharpen your thinking. I created this list because I taught an advanced critical thinking course for years at a university. And I personally practice many types of thought as I continue to absorb many philosophical traditions from around the globe. So if you want multiple thought process examples that will help you improve your mind, today you’re going to get them. Even better: I’ve included several sure fire ways you can rapidly improve your thinking. Ready? Let’s dig in! What Are Thought Processes? According to researchers, a thought process can be both conscious and unconscious. In fact, your mind can be processing more than one thought at the same time. For this reason, the exact definition of a thought process is simple: It is being engaged with the stuff of thought. What’s is this “stuff” exactly? It’s a combination of semantic facts you hold in your memory and physical things you know how to do that are held in your procedural memory. Then, you have the material that is held in your subconscious and your unconscious mind. This is important to understand. That’s because the fact that so many of your thoughts are outside of your awareness means you don’t have free will quite the way you think you do. Although many positive types of thought process stimulate our creativity and problem-solving capacities, Daniel Kahneman’s work has shown us to be at the mercy of many cognitive biases. Cognitive bias is any of a wide number of thought processes that cause us to take shortcuts. We distort reality and make irrational decisions as a result. For this reason, it’s a very good idea to become familiar with as many thought processes as possible. Types of Thought Processes (with Examples) As an exercise, don’t just read the following list passively. Try to think of a time you’ve either thought these ways yourself, or observed others involved in these thinking processes. For best results, write your personal examples and observations down. Also, reflect on whether or not each thought process is positive, negative, neutral or more than one of these options at the same time. One: Associative Thinking Being able to see how one thing connects to another is an important skill. In healthy children, the ability to think in terms of association begins early. Most of us get better at it as we age because more life experiences creates pattern recognition. For example, we often relate things we see in life to mythological patterns. You might associate someone with King Midas if they’re greedy, or say that a Pandora’s box has been opened. These are kinds of associative thinking stimulated by pattern recognition. It doesn’t have to be Greek myths either. Since 1999, it’s been very common for people to respond to certain events in the age of the Internet by saying, “It’s just like in The Matrix.” Freud famously asked his patients to engaging in free association, leading to many new psychological therapies and procedures, such as the Rorshach test. And association is widely used. Creative people frequently allow themselves to follow random trains of thought in order to come up with interesting and unique ideas. Students use mind mapping and association is a key mnemonic strategy. Two: Abductive Thinking This form of thinking involves drawing conclusions based on observations. It is also called inferential reasoning and Sherlock Holmes provides the most well-known examples. Real life detectives use it as well. A simple way to think about this thought process is that you’re arriving at a conclusion without having the full picture. If you arrive at a crime scene and find a knife covered in blood, you can reasonably conclude that it is the murder weapon. But you don’t actually know – you’re inducing the conclusion. Note that many people mistake this kind of reasoning with deductive thinking. So let’s look at that next. Three: Deductive Thinking Deductive thinking is often formulaic. It usually involves an “if this then that” structure. For example, you can deduce that if you don’t get on the freeway before rush hour, it will take you longer to get home. Unlike induction where you are drawing a conclusion from an incomplete picture, you do have a complete picture of how traffic works on the highway. Deductive reasoning is typically easier to test when there is an abundance of evidence. There are three main types to master: Syllogisms Modus ponens Modus tollens To help yourself further, check out these critical thinking book recommendations. Combined, inductive and deductive thinking form what we tend to think of as logical or rational thinking. Four: Social Thinking We tend to think of ourselves as individuals. Nothing could be further from the truth! Humans share a variety of languages, and when you think about it, none of the words or phrases belong to any individual. Rather, we collaborate on the continuous evolution of this communication tool. We’re increasingly using the Internet to communicate using our languages as well. Students use it to study together, which means thinking together to help one another achieve goals. We can also think about transpersonal thinking in this regard. When we realize that the role of the individual isn’t all that it’s made out to be, we’re able to transcend the ego and resolve ourselves into the great river of life. Sound abstract? Never fear. We’ll be tackling that kind of thinking next. Five: Abstract Thinking To think abstractly is to literally pull away from an idea or concept. We just did that by thinking about how language is not owned by any individual person, even if it is experienced in personal ways. This is an “abstract” thought precisely because we’re pulling back from the individual and looking at the entire species. This is a nuanced thought process, so you can read more about abstract thinking with other examples if you’re interested. Six: Concrete Thinking Concrete thinking involves ideas that are directly related to material reality. For example, you might think about how things feel and make comparisons and contrasts in your mind. An orange and an apple feel more similar to one another than an orange and the handle of a shovel, for example. Talking about rain “pounding” is another example. Seven: Analogical Thinking Analogical thinking involves making comparisons and assuming that when something is true for one thing, it is also true for the other. We can use them well, such as when we say that an argument is going in circles. If the same points keep coming up again and again, they really do feel like they are on a loop. But analogies often fall apart because things are rarely as similar as they seem. Watch out anytime you hear someone saying, “it’s like x.” Although the comparison they are about to make sense on the surface, all too often the connection winds up being facile. Eight: Analytical Thinking Analysis literally involves taking things apart. For example, when a Magnetic Memory Method Masterclass participant comes to me with a problem they’re trying to solve, I analyze what they’re saying by looking for the individual components. That’s not to say I don’t also take the problem as a “whole.” Rather, analytical thinking takes as a basic premise that everything is built from parts. In philosophy, the notion of deconstruction is an analytical process that reveals how many of our most cherished truths were built over time. It is an innovation on what Nietzsche called genealogical thinking. A simple way to get better at this form of thinking is to practice observation and questioning literally everything. Nine: Linear Thinking Linear thinking is all about structure and following a particular process. But that doesn’t make it boring. In fact, Triz is one of the most interesting collection of tools for linear thinking on the planet. It’s also incredibly inventive. Nonlinear thinkers are sometimes thought to use fewer structures, or purposefully introduce randomness. For example, the German band Einstürzende Neubauten create new songs by drawing ideas and roles from a hat. Although the singer might not be a world class drummer, if he selects a slip that requires him to play percussion while composing a new song, he will. Although this form of creativity looks like it is nonlinear and “outside the box,” it’s also procedural and linear in its own way. If we “deconstruct” the notion of linear thinking by using analytical thinking, we might find that there really is no such thing as nonlinear thinking at the end of the day. Ten: Reflective Thinking Making time to contemplate is incredibly important. It’s simple and easy to practice and there are many powerful reflective thinkers you can draw inspiration from. Simply put, find a place to sit, pour your thoughts out onto paper and use analytical thinking to sort, sift and screen through the material of your mind. It’s perfect for helping yourself make better decisions and expand your mind. Eleven: Counterfactual Thinking We often think of alternative histories as the stuff of fiction. Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle is a common example. However, it’s very useful to think about what could have happened in our everyday lives. For example, sometimes when I’m feeling down, I create a “counterfactual” image of what my life would be like if I’d never completed my Ph.d. I happen to know a few people who didn’t finish. The thought of working at an ice cream parlor like one failed PhD I know makes me grateful for everything in my life – especially because the accomplishment led to me writing this blog. Let’s look at the opposite of this kind of thinking next. It’s also very useful. Twelve: Speculative Thinking If counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative scenarios in the past, speculative thinking involves running through two or more possible future outcomes. One simple exercise for thinking through your future is Dan Sullivan’s “dangers, opportunities, strengths” routine. By asking yourself questions around these three core areas, you can imagine a practical path forward for your future. You can also use the journaling exercise I share in this video about how to think correctly about the path to mastering your memory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5k7hotyHROk Thirteen: Decisive Thinking When it comes to the future, you’ll never get there without being able to make decisions. One of my favorite problem solving models is found in Decisive by Dan and Chip Heath. It’s called the W.R.A.P. technique: Widen your options Reality test Attain distance Prepare to fail Using step-by-step decision processes like this can always be considered “heuristic thinking,” because you’re making using the tool a rule of thumb. I’ve connected this technique with a much older tool called ars combinatoria that you might want to become acquainted with on your quest to master multiple thought processes. Fourteen: Metacognition Ever heard of Zen? It’s a fairly radical philosophy that helps you realize that the present moment is all we really have – and since it’s slipping by so quickly, the notion that we have it at all is an illusion. In order to realize this fact and hold onto the realization so that you can experience lasting mental peace, the great masters of meditation use metacognition. To become a master yourself, you just need to cultivate an awareness of the operation of your own thoughts and a meta-level awareness of how the thoughts about your thoughts operate too. I’m a big fan of this form of thinking and wrote about a powerful process in my book, The Victorious Mind. You could also call this form of thinking, “mindfulness thinking.” Fifteen: Skeptical Thinking I’ve saved the most important form of thinking for the end. And I want you to use it on everything I’ve just said. Why? Because one of the most powerful things you can do is to question the validity of the claims people make. Think for yourself. Do your own research. Test. If you don’t, you risk being naive. Of course, you don’t want to go overboard. It’s also useful to be curious and allow certain things the benefit of the doubt from time to time. This is where you want to use your discernment, which is where practicing all of the skills on this page will really come in handy over time. How to Improve Your Thinking The best way to experience significant gains in your thinking abilities is to complete critical thinking exercises. On top of that, you’ll want to improve your: Reading strategies Reading comprehension Visualization skills Memory Palace skills But above all, you want to set aside time for studying great thinkers and time for practicing thinking. It just takes commitment and consistency. And the best part? You now have new ways to think about how you might increase your commitment and consistency by using tools like analytical thinking and speculative thinking to become the architect of your future. Even better, you can memorize all of the above thought processes by grabbing my free memory improvement kit: It will help you not only remember these types of thought, but also help you remember to engage in the activities need to improve each of them. So what do you say? Are you ready to enjoy multiple types of thought? Dive in!

    Full show notes at the publisher

    Memory Spaces: What They Are and Why They’re Important Feb 09, 2022
    Show notes

    memory spaces feature imagePeople who use memory techniques enjoy a diversity of terms.

    “Memory Palace” is my favorite, but more and more I’m leaning towards adapting Lynne Kelly’s use of the term “memory spaces.”

    I like it because that’s essentially what a Memory Palace is: a space for storing information.

    Of course, we’re usually using an imaginary version of that space.

    However, there are times when we can use these memory storage areas in much more direct ways.

    On this page, I share some of my favorite approaches.

    Why should you care?

    Because when you’re able to rapidly learn and remember information using these techniques, your quality of life goes way up. You can:

    • Pass any exam
    • Learn languages faster
    • Remember everyone’s name
    • Absorb entire books
    • Master mathematics

    And that’s just for starters.

    Ready to learn more?

    Let’s dive in.

    What Are Memory Spaces?

    A memory space is literally any location you use as a foundation, canvas or platform for encoding information with associations.

    Let’s say you want to remember the name Luke. You can place Luke Skywalker on his shoulder.

    His shoulder becomes a “memory space.”

    In the method of loci, this specific spot would be called a “locus.”

    Generally, though, I would just call this a station in a Memory Palace, particularly because I usually remember names at events. Luke would be just one of many I would memorize.

    But these are all typical approaches. Let’s look at a few more.

    The Lukasa

    Now, there’s a sneaky reason I used the name “Luke” in the example above. That’s because my first example of an alternative memory space was going to be the lukasa.

    Also sometimes called a “memory board,” the word means “long hand” or “claw.”

    Typically made of wood, they often come shaped in a way that might remind you of an hourglass.

    Lukasa memory board

    People would cover them in colored beads to help them remember histories, plant locations and names of medicines. Folk wisdom, military matters and other information would also be encoded.

    These devices also helped people remember how their societies were organized and give them a common point of focus for discussing the law.

    As far as I understand, they would run their fingers along the surfaces. Each bead would help them recall a story or piece of information.

    The relationship to how encoding in a Memory Palace is clear. It involves all of the principles related to the linking and story method.

    Related to the lukasa are many other items. You can learn about them from Aboriginal and indigineous memory expert Tyson Yunkaporta.

    The Guidonian Hand

    Can you imagine holding 75 hours of music in your mind?

    Anna Berger suggests that people regularly memorized and retained this amount in her book, Medieval Music and the Art of Memory. She quotes Kenneth Levy who estimates that their knowledge “would correspond to the selection of Beethoven’s instrumental works plus the full Wagnerian canon.”

    That’s a lot of information!

    the guidonian hand is one of many memory spaces

    How did they do it?

    Many scholars, including Berger, have shown that a lot of the memorization was done by the medieval monks using their hands.

    Basically, they would turn their fingertips and the joints into memory spaces. Each spot would be marked with a name that corresponds to the musical staff they were using at the time. The approach gets its name from Guido of Arezzo.

    In contemporary terms, you could use your hand to memorize the clef notes quite quickly. For example, if you take the notes of the bass clef that appear between the lines, you could align them like this on your pointer finger:

    guidonian hand mnemonic example for music

    The hand doesn’t just have to be used for music, however. Tyson Yunkporta gives a great example of using your hand to remember knowledge in his book, Sand Talk.

    I’ve also used my hands to remember and practice Sanskrit verses that I’ve memorized. The important thing is to figure out the grid you’re going to mentally layer onto your hand and then stick with that configuration. Otherwise, you risk confusing yourself.

    Buttons

    I once read that Napoleon might have used the buttons on his shirt to help him remember simple things.

    I don’t know if that’s true or not, but it totally makes sense. And when we think about military people, all of those medals, badges and other insignia are literally spaces we use to help us remember rank and other important information about people.

    button memory palace example

    To use the buttons on your shirt as a kind of mini-Memory Palace, start by counting them up. Don’t forget to include the buttons on your cuffs.

    Then, when you want to remember something, link it with the buttons. If you already have a PAO System, you can use those images as a pre-loaded hook on a button-by-button basis.

    In case it isn’t obvious to you, by using buttons like this, you’re essentially turning any relevant item in your wardrobe into a kind of lukasa!

    Coins

    Sure, they’re small. But that’s no reason why you can’t use the coins in your pocket in a pinch.

    Before I started using shoulders as my memory spaces for names, I would meet one or two people and place their names on a coin. It was a reference that worked great.

    All you do is divide the coin into two surfaces. Apply one name to the heads side and another to the tails.

    coins

    How to Use Sites of Memory to Remember More

    I’ve mentioned the Memory Palace above, and I still believe it is the ultimate mnemonic device.

    But when it comes to giving our memory spaces extra meaning, we can make some deliberate choices.

    For example, if you’ve ever visited an old cathedral, even if you don’t practice any given faith, its atmosphere can give the things you choose to memorize using it an extra boost.

    Likewise, you can choose locations like:

    • Museums
    • Libraries
    • Historical sites
    • University campuses

    Or any personal option that has special meaning for you.

    You can also transform places that don’t have positive memories into calm and soothing points of reference.

    For example, I had a troubled youth. One home in particular used to be packed with disturbing memories.

    One day, I decided I would stare this collection of bad memories in the face and encode it with positivity.

    To do this, I started in the worst part of the home and started using it to memorize the Nirvana Shatakam.

    A few days later, I had completely forgiven the past and now have an incredible meditation poem to reflect on, one that creates even more peace and love.

    To get started with the Memory Palace technique yourself, give my FREE Memory Improvement Kit:

    Magnetic Memory Method Free Memory Improvement Course

    It will help ensure that you’re able to achieve any learning goal quickly and deepen your memory skills in meaningful ways that create lasting fulfillment.

    Memory Sites Are Everywhere

    The important takeaway is that anything physical occupies space – and that means we can use those objects to help us remember information. We can use people, tables, memory boards of our own creation or even the coins in our pockets.

    The trick for many people is to commit to working out the order of the individual memory spaces they’re going to use on their objects or landscapes.

    Then, you need to develop your association skills. Typically this is done by working out a highly personalized pegword method. This should only take an hour or so, perhaps a bit more over a few afternoons if your imagination has gotten rusty.

    It’s well worth the effort, though. Once you have the foundational techniques in place, you can apply them to learning just about anything better.

    So what do you say?

    Are you ready to start examining the objects in your life a bit differently?

    The world is full of resources just waiting to help you experience rapid recall of the knowledge you need to succeed.


    Long-Term Memory Explained In Plain English Jan 26, 2022
    Show notes

    It’s hard to find good info on long-term memory, isn’t it? You get drowned in difficult terminology, when all you want is to understand what it is and learn how to improve it. On this page, you’re going to discover the different types of long-term memory in plain English. But that doesn’t mean we’ll be skimping on the science of this type of memory. You’ll understand why scientists distinguish long-term memory from short-term memory. We’ll also look at the sub-systems of long-term memory before turning to the most important topics of all. These are how to: Maintain your current long-term memory abilities Improve your long-term memory Protect all aspects of your memory for the rest of your life So if you’re ready to increase your long-term memory capacity as you understand its many ins-and-outs, let’s dive in. What Is Long Term Memory? Long-term memory is ultimately about stability. Do you remember your first day at school? If you can get even just a small sense of where and when that event took place, that memory is relatively stable. Likewise, if you can access visuals of the school, how you felt and the names of any teachers or friends you had at the time, this long-term memory is even more robust. How about the meaning of a word like “justice”? If you can give a reasonable definition, then your memory of the term is a demonstration of persistence. As before, if you can give examples of when you learned the term and how your understanding of it has changed over time, the stability of this knowledge exists on a scale. The Categorical Nature of Long-Term Memory But here’s what’s super-interesting about the duration of long-term memory: It’s ultimately about categories. For example, if you think about your visual memory (or iconic memory), you’d be tempted to think of visual memory as a whole. But according to researchers, our long-term visual memory relies upon categories. Your brain seems to literally “tag” different visuals as if by name and then draw upon those tags later. For example, researchers at MIT and Harvard found that the brain’s pattern recognition draws heavily upon categories like ocean, field and even more specific terms like golf course and amusement park. When asked to remember images shown from over 160 image categories, people remembered scenes better than objects. They believe that the categorization itself explains these higher levels of recall because categories are more prominent in long-term memory. What do these findings mean? Well, it doesn’t mean that eidetic memory grants anyone superpowers or that photographic memory exists. (It doesn’t.) It suggests that how memory works so fast relies upon how surfaces and icons are embedded in contexts. The same thing is true when it comes to reading faster. Scientists have thoroughly debunked most claims about so-called “speed reading.” But one thing the science agrees on is that you can read faster if you improve your vocabulary. Just as people were better able to remember scenes that draw upon information in long-term memory, people with larger vocabularies read faster. Their brains draw upon long-term memory with greater efficiency because they have greater speed of pattern recognition. Long-Term Memory Examples Since long-term memory involves everything that persists in a stable way that you can access on demand. As mentioned, not all long-term memories will be equally robust. But as long as you can recall something about the information you’re looking for, the memory has indeed persisted in your long-term memory. In terms of where these memories are “stored” in the brain, scientists still disagree. Whereas some believe long-term memory and short-term or working memory follow a “single store” model, other researchers think that the location of remembered information or “mental imagery” changes over time. With those points in mind, let’s look at some examples of long-term memory. Procedural Memory Probably the easiest type of long-term memory to understand is procedural memory. Anytime you ride a bike, use chopsticks, type an email or play a musical instrument, you’re drawing upon skills that are deep in your long-term memory. The visual pattern recognition we discussed above is highly-related here. When we look at a painting, we can determine practically on autopilot whether we’re looking at an object, portrait of a person or a landscape. There’s a procedural quality to how we understand the visual world around us. Episodic Memory Episodic memory is all about time. It’s personal and related to you. Anything you remember about specific events and periods of your life belong to this category: Getting married Trips Birthdays Job interviews Although it’s different than semantic memory, there are a few relationships between the two types. For example, knowing the name of the place you got married is semantic in nature, and also carries with it episodic memories. Semantic Memory Everyone knows multiple facts about the world, and that’s thanks to semantic memory. Whereas memories of different events in your life such as the recall of an anniversary belong to episodic memory, knowing the name of the country, city and street where the anniversary took place belongs to semantic memory. They are rigid facts, not episodes, which are much more fluid. Other facts that exist in long-term memory include information like numbered addresses, years and months. The 2 Types of Long-Term Memory The examples of long-term memory we’ve looked at are organized into different types and sub-systems. There two major types are: Explicit memory Implicit memory Briefly, explicit memory is information you have to work at remembering, such as a formula for solving an equation. Implicit memory comes back to you at random, such as suddenly thinking about a concert you attended with a friend. Either of these types of memory can be long-term. The sub-systems are everything we’ve just talked about: procedural memory, semantic memory and episodic memory. There are a few other sub-systems to explore, such as: Flashbulb memory Prospective memory Autobiographical memory Ultimately, it’s important to understand that the science of memory is still emerging. More types of long-term memory emerge. Or, as some scientists have proposed, the term “memory” may need to be updated, if not replaced. The larger context of cognitive ability is an important area of study to consider as you think through the definition of long-term memory. How Long Does Long-Term Memory Last? All good things come to an end. This means that anything that enters memory will exit it. At least insofar as human life has an expiration date. However, let’s think about this question philosophically for a moment. Homer’s Odyssey was written down circa 480 BCE. The stories that were originally held in long-term memory by ancient people have survived for thousands of years. They’ll likely go on to survive for many thousands of years more. Plus, human knowledge involves many categories. Things fold together and repeat in many different ways, meaning that we can rapidly refresh knowledge and learn new things simply by improving our pattern recognition abilities. My personal answer then? As long as humans are here to record and activate information by reading books, watching videos and holding discussions, our memories will last. Practically speaking, however, information lasts for as long as you maintain the knowledge through use. You also have to think about what exactly you’re trying to remember. If you stop riding bicycles, you might still remember how to do it decades later. But if you stop speaking a language, linguistic deskilling can take place very quickly. For example, when I lived in Germany, my English skills took a nose-dive. Now that I live in an English-speaking country again, it’s my German that I have to maintain. So as they say, use it or lose it. Anything you want to remember long-term should be kept in circulation. How to Improve Your Long-Term Memory (and Prevent Memory Loss) There are many ways to improve your long-term memory. These include: Completing a memory improvement course Using a Memory Palace Learning and practicing a Major System Make no mistake. These are by far the best memory strategies to consider. They will also teach you a great deal about the power of deliberate practice. When it comes to preventing the loss of memory skills you already have, practice is the key, but also things like: Eating memory friendly foods Taking care of your sleep Getting lots of time in with friends Daily physical exercise (for example, yoga) Daily brain exercise Specific, Long-Term Memory Exercises Ultimately, to improve and maintain long-term memory, we should focus on exercises and tasks that exercise this specific skill. It’s best to get started sooner than later. Don’t wait for signs of Alzheimer’s or other signs of memory loss to emerge, such as: Confusing the names of loved ones Forgetting aspects of your life Losing track of objects Struggling with terminology and even basic vocabulary Getting lost We know from many studies that bilingualism is one way to fend off such problems. But not everyone is going to invest the time into learning another language. So let’s look at some activities you can do that will exercise your long-term memory, grow its strength where needed and keep it sharp for life. One: Keep a Memory Journal It’s long been known that keeping a journal improves mental health. As Richard Wiseman reports in 59 Seconds, it can also help extend your experience of time. When it comes to tracking your memory activities, it’s also an incredibly powerful activity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BracGhyKS4I You can keep your Memory Palaces gathered in one spot, set goals and reflect on your progress. And as you continue jotting down aspects of your life, you’ll get the benefits of remembering more of your life because you’ve increased your observation skills with daily practice. The reason it works is probably because the more information you practice with that is inherently long-term in nature, the more your long-term memory gets exercise. Two: Memorize Mantras Although this technique won’t be for everyone, it’s a great way to give your long-term memory a workout. I’ll share my approach to this, a practice I started in 2017. Using Memory Palaces, I started committing long form texts in Sanskrit to memory. Like beading a necklace, I keep adding line after line, after reciting the entirety of what I’ve memorized. Because there’s an intellectual component to the material that involves understanding a fairly simple, yet robust philosophy, memory improves as critical thinking skills also enjoy a boost. Three: Expand Your Thinking Skills A lot of people turn to games to give their memory a workout. The problem is that a lot of those games only make you better at playing the game. The skills don’t transfer to other aspects of life. But when you complete critical thinking exercises regularly, you’re doing something similar to working with mantras. You’re rehearsing what you’ve placed in long-term memory while also adding new knowledge. Four: Exercise Your Episodic & Semantic Memory Together Remember how I said that there’s a difference between remembering a birthday party and remembering the city and street name where the party took place? Well, a great way to exercise your memory is to think about different episodes of your life, then write down as many semantic pieces of information as you can. In your Memory Journal, write out a list of all the birthday parties you can remember – both your own and those of family and friends. Write out some of the details you remember in terms of what happened. Next, give your semantic memory a workout. List the year, the location and any other facts that come to mind. What shows were on television at that time? Popular movies? Music that you liked? As an example, I remember a birthday party where we stayed up all night and had ice cream cake from Dairy Queen. That’s the episodic part. For the semantic part, I list out the names of the friends who attended and facts like the year being 1987 and that Kiss’ Crazy Nights came out. Five: Live a good life This tip is easier said than done, but could anything be more true? Lying, cheating, stealing and other crimes are destructive because they make remembering hard to bear. But focusing on being a truthful person who contributes to your community produces countless rewards. Note that it doesn’t have to be epic amounts of contribution. Just doing what you can to be a force of good promotes long-term memory benefits because you’re giving yourself plenty of material worth remembering. Six: Take On Large Learning Projects Studying information in-depth helps your brain create more connections. I suggest you pick a topic you’re passionate about and read 3-5 books on the topic. Even if some of the material might feel repetitive, you learn a lot by seeing how different people approach the same topics. Plus, you get some natural repetition that helps reinforce key ideas. Also, spend some time reading topics that are outside of your comfort zone. For example, I was quite nervous about reading into computation. I didn’t think I’d be able to wrap my mind around it. But I persisted by simply reading and letting understanding arrive gradually. Soon, my brain started making connections and now I have a new point of reference that will build even more connections as I continue to cross-reference new information with this growing knowledge-set. When it comes to long-term memory, the more you know, the more you can know. Seven: Learn Hands-Based Skills Like Arts & Music Our brains benefit so much by developing procedural memory skills. Drawing, painting and playing musical instruments are incredibly useful. It’s delightful to draw upon the skills you’ve developed over the long-term and you can always improve them. There is literally no ceiling. The beautiful thing about these skills is that you can combine study and practice. For example, I’m taking a jazz bass course at the moment. In addition to getting the instrument in my hands and learning more about chord tones and arpeggios, I am also reading books about the history of the genre. If you were learning to draw, it would be easy to also add on a few books about the lives of various artists to embed the procedural memory skill in knowledge that develops both your episodic and semantic memory. Build Your Own Long-Term Memory Systems Now that you know what long-term memory is and how it works, take a hands-on approach to developing it. One of the best things you can do is dedicate yourself to practicing the ancient art of memory. Developed when people needed to carry entire books in their minds because they couldn’t carry them on their backs, it is designed to address long-term memory development. If you’re interested in learning how to use it, register for this free Memory Improvement Course: It will give you worksheets and four videos that give you a foundational course in these techniques. And since the skills are so fun to use and instantly rewarding, you’ll wind up using them for life. So what do you say? Are you ready to take the future of your memory into your own hands? Enjoy the journey and just shout out if you have any questions along the way!

    Full show notes at the publisher

    How Memory Works: A Guide Anyone Can Understand Jan 13, 2022
    Show notes

    Memory works like breathing and blinking. Here’s why: You can control your brain function to a certain extent and it operates entirely on autopilot, whether you’re paying attention to it or not. How do we know? Think about your home. Did you have to work hard to learn the layout? Probably not. You probably learned it automatically. The alphabet, on the other hand, required exercises and repetition over weeks. Your teachers guided the process. As an adult, you need to guide the memory process yourself when you want to learn new information. Given that memory is both an automatic process and a tool we can use deliberately, how exactly does it work? The answer is fascinating and comes with many clues that will help you improve it. Let’s dig in, starting with this handy infographic that lets you see and understand the three main memory processes at a glance: How Does Human Memory Work? The 3 Main Processes Scientists think that memory is built from processes that work together. These processes involve multiple neural pathways and include: Encoding Storing Retrieving, or decoding Encoding Encoding takes place during and after information enters your brain through the senses. It starts with the initial impression and interpretation of information. Take the example of learning your home layout. In Human Spatial Memory: Remembering Where, the authors present a number of theories of how encoding begins and produces a memory trace that leads to consolidation. One of their theories suggests that our brains remember spatial layouts by determining which objects are on top of other objects. In other words, you remember the location of the kitchen because the countertops and the stop stand on top of its floor. The tub is on top of the bathroom floor, etc. The brain then uses what is called its “coordinate system” to encode the information. One theory of memory says that our brains track surfaces and what objects or on top of other objects in order to remember our environments. When it comes to learning information like a language, we can deeply integrate with the process by using one of several forms of active recall. How are Memories Stored In The Brain? In terms of storage, scientists think our spatial information may reside in the parietal lobe. They’ve reached this conclusion because damage to this area of the brain disturbs our spatial awareness. The hippocampus also plays a key role, specifically in consolidation and transferring information from short-term to long-term storage. Storage is a big topic because it’s not clear that information ever really stays put in the brain. On the contrary, scientists have shown that information we’ve memorized moves around over time. Memory expert Dr. Gary Small likens this movement to how families travel from homes around the world to gather in one specific building for Thanksgiving dinner once a year. Retrieval (Decoding) Dr. Small’s analogy suggests that our memories are actually split apart and keep moving around in the brain. Then, when we retrieve the memories, they move to a single location so we can perceive them as something that feels whole. And when our recall does not feel whole and complete, that’s because some parts of the memories did not make it to the party. Here’s more detail on recall and retrieval with more details on where memories are stored. How Are Memories Formed? People tend to think that long-term memories take time to form. However, scientists know this not to be the case. Not only can certain protein synthesis formations rapidly form long term memories, we also experience flashbulb memory. Either way, the direct answer to how memories form is neurochemical. It is literally the collaboration of existing brain structures working together to “connect” in order to facilitate retention and recollection of multiple details. You can even see the process take place with your own eyes as neurons and synapses find one another and connect: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0rHZ_RDdyQ As memories connect, myelin wraps around the connections. The strength of any given memory appears related to the robustness of the connection itself, the strength of the myelin sheath and the length of the dendritic spines on the neurons. Although the exact process of how memories are formed and stored is still not well-understood, scientist and memory expert David Eagleman claims in The Brain that every healthy brain has room for a zettabyte of information. Where Are Memories Stored? As mentioned, the brain stores memory throughout its structures. And the exact location of individual memories can and does change. This means that the most direct answer to the question is that our memories are stored in our synapses. They are literally stored in connections. But there’s another way to think about the question. Memories aren’t just stored in your brain. They are stored in the brains of other people. In books. Movies. Recorded music. Library archives. Our species has devised alphabets, words and grammars to help us encode knowledge in a variety of mediums. To focus only on the brain is missing the point. But what remains the same is the focus on our memories being stored in the connections themselves. As you read this post, you are connecting your brain to mine. My remembered knowledge about memory is flowing into your brain through your ability to recognize the words and infographics I’ve prepared for you. The best part? Once you decide to engage with it deeply, this knowledge will become part of your knowledge-set. If you don’t, the fact of your individual forgetting does not mean the information isn’t stored somewhere. It will still be right here on this page, located in the memory of multiple computers across the Internet. The information will also be in the minds of all the other people who have learned this knowledge. As Andy Clark has suggested in books like The Experience Machine, memory is never in just one person’s mind. Even more interesting, a recent study has found that our memories might not be stored exclusively in the brain at all. Some memories may be distributed throughout other cells in the body. We tend to think that memory is stored in our minds. In reality, it is stored in multiple locations and devices, if not in the connections between things themselves. These findings and ideas present examples of abstract thinking about memory. They might challenge how we normally think about memory. But I’m confident that when you reflect on these more recent findings by scientists, you’ll agree that memory is stored in a kind of network that flows between us and other parts of our body. Here’s another point from the frontiers of memory research. Some scientists have suggested that synapses do not store memories at all. Rather, DNA and RNA store our memories. This new and emerging research is worth keeping an eye on. The animal testing will likely reproduce in future human trials. What do you think? Would you participate in a study that helps researchers better understand how human memory works? The Main Types of Memory Confused by all the types of memory you find people from the field of memory science talking about? I don’t blame you. There are a ton of them. Luckily, we can break them down into the three main types of memory. Then there are all the rest. The biggest three are: Sensory memory Short-term memory Long term memory After that, memory scientists break the categories down into: Episodic memory Autobiographical memory Procedural memory Working memory Semantic memory Iconic memory Visual memory Context-dependent memory Prospective memory Echoic memory Implicit memory Non-declarative memory Explicit memory Eidetic memory In addition, you’ll find special topics like: Focused attention Crystal and fluid intelligence Synesthesia Hyperphantasia Serotonin and memory Amnesia Long term memory loss Stress and memory loss Memory disorders The myth of photographic memory Conclusion: How to Improve Your Memory Luckily, you can easily improve your memory. The first step is to pay attention as much as possible. Then, you’ll want to learn various techniques. The most important are: The Memory Palace technique The Major Method The Pegword Method PAO System To place the foundations of these memory improvement skills in your hands, grab this FREE Memory Improvement course: The best part? Once you have superior memory skills, it’s easy to remember all the different kinds of memory we discussed today. It’s a real win-win for you and the world. The more we understand about how memory functions and what exactly it is, the more people can better navigate reality and lead more fulfilling lives. So what do you say? Are you ready to live a life more connected to the information storage and retrieval device alive and well in your head?

    Full show notes at the publisher

    Why Questioning Everything Is the Smartest Thing You Can Do Dec 22, 2021
    Show notes

    Do you want to know why questioning everything is the best policy in life? It’s because humans are prone to error, including the smartest amongst us. In fact, there’s a principle called “the curse of knowledge” that highlights this problem. A popular example of how this plays out in life is in the exchanges between Dr. Watson and Sherlock Holmes. Holmes often points out how Watson doesn’t see the simplest things simply because he doesn’t question the details enough. It’s not that Watson isn’t a smart guy. He’s a doctor, after all. But because questioning things is such a small part of his mental activity, he misses both the big picture and the granular details. As a result, Holmes shines as an incredibly bright individual and Watson seems rather dim, despite his credentials. If you’d like to learn how to question things with greater frequency so you can observe the world in-depth, stick around. In this post, we’re diving deep into why you should always question everything and different ways to do it well. Much of my suggestions are based on courses in critical thinking I used to teach during my previous career as a university professor. Let’s begin with this infographic covering the benefits: Why Questioning Everything Is Critical to Great Thinking As you’ve seen on the infographic, questioning promotes understanding, drives innovation and helps you build confidence. Even if you never get into debating others in a formal setting, you simply cannot put a price on being able to explain why you think in particular ways and substantiating your views with evidence. But there’s also a long history to rational questioning that you’ll find helpful to know. For example, the ancient Greeks knew that asking questions was their best bet when it came to critical thinking. A lot of people associate questioning as a tool introduced by Plato through the Socratic dialogues. Although it’s true that Plato used the character of Socrates to highlight the use of questions to sharpen our thoughts, inquiry is much older. The Pre-Socratics, for example, devised what is called Eleatic Philosophy. Parmenides of Elea, from which Eleatic Philosophy gets its name, is sometimes considered the first of the Greeks to use questions to explore the nature of reality itself. How Questioning Removes Errors Quickly Here’s the most important point about these philosophers: They preferred to use logic instead of their direct senses. And this meant using language in particular ways. In fact, a lot of their wording boils down to a kind of math though the use of syllogisms that help with thinking logically. Here’s an example of a typical syllogism: “All mammals are animals. All elephants are mammals. Therefore, all elephants are animals.” To test the validity of this statement, the philosophers would use questions that remove their senses. It might sound silly to us today, but put yourself in their shoes for a moment. If you were to use purely your sense of touch to assess an elephant, you could conclude that this animal is a reptile based on its leathery skin. So, before the Greeks developed classification systems, many of which we still use today, they needed to question everything in order to rule out errors that could mislead them. Another way to look at the questioning process is to understand the difference between abstract thinking and concrete thinking. In each of these types of thinking, you use different kinds of questions to arrive at the truth. Finally, we need to be able to question our own most cherished ideas. I’ve done that myself often. Consider my work on this blog. I’ve even asked whether or not the Memory Palace technique I teach actually works. Fortunately, the science supports my teaching. But I would have missed out on learning a lot of the science if I hadn’t had the courage to ask the question. The Dialectic Approach Sticking with the ancient Greeks, let’s look at Plato a little further. One of Plato’s main contributions is called dialectical thinking. Through the use of questions, it allows you to reason effectively by producing multiple ways of looking at just about any issue or problem. It works because you use questions to examine your thoughts and the thoughts of others before, during and after arriving at conclusions. In other words, the process of questioning never really ends. This process is the core of the scientific method, in which nothing is ever “proved.” Instead, we use our scientific questions to help us produce evidence that either validates or invalidates our assumptions about the world and reality. Without being able to ask and answer questions as an ongoing process, truth fizzles up quickly. And this is why Plato’s recording of the dialogues of Socrates is such an astonishing document. Whether Socrates is right or wrong, what matters is the freedom to debate and keep questioning things. Other Traditions Based on Questioning Everything Although the ancient Greek philosophers are very important, they weren’t alone in urging us to question. The urge to question everything why as a repetitive practice is found in other ancient texts like the Upanishads. These texts were influential in forming contemplative traditions like Advaita Vedanta. In Advaita Vedanta, there is a process called “self enquiry” (Atma vichara). In it, you use questions to explore reality as it appears to you. For example, you can ask, “To whom is this experience happening?” When you try to find the “inner I” or what some psychologists call the “ego” within the frame of your experience, you will probably struggle. That’s because things like “I” and the notion of having an identity is fundamentally an illusion. It is one we maintain by failing to ask questions. Instead, we simply go with the flow. Or we avoid questions out of fear, which is one of the messages you find in some religious traditions. For example, in the Book of Job, asking god to explain why suffering exists is strongly frowned upon. The popularity of such restrictions is a bit puzzling, but a lot of psychoanalysis helps explain why they arise. And psychoanalysis itself uses a process of questioning to help people relieve the suffering that not asking questions creates. Psychoanalysis is an important area to explore fully because there’s a whole area called “motivated forgetting.” People sometimes forget to ask critical questions due to trauma. I cover the issue fully in my post on causes of forgetting. The 4 Most Important Types of Questions Before we talk about developing the habit of questioning everything, let’s quickly go through what I find to be the most powerful types of questions. Open-ended questions Challenging questions Clarifying questions Reflective questions As you can see in the infographic above, there are example questions for each type. The important personal characteristics you’ll want to add is: A personal commitment to remaining open and curious Careful listening Active reading as a discipline Having the courage to challenge norms, including your own memory biases By continually asking the four main question types, you’ll naturally start to develop these characteristics and become a better person as a result. How To Start Always Questioning Everything If you want to commit to a life of enquiry, bravo. I’m confident you’ll find it very rewarding. In order to get started, consider the following steps: One: Decide To Go All In And Plan One of the biggest problems people face when they take on a new goal is that they’re not fully committed. That’s just not going to work when it comes to committing everything. And the reason why should be clear: We’re talking about everything. So if you want to question just some things, some of the time, reconsider whether or not dialectical thinking is really something for you. It’s not about dabbling. And because it’s not about dabbling, you’ll want to plan. For that, let’s move on to the next step. Two: Study Inquisitive People And Their Traditions One of the best ways to learn how to enquire deeply is to study those who have gone before you. And a reading plan of the classic texts that are based around questioning everything is key. I’ve already mentioned a bunch from the Greek tradition, but here are some other suggestions. Merely by reading the books and resources on this list, you should find yourself starting to question everything almost on autopilot as your brain starts mimicking the process. Reading this list in particular will make you smarter: Plato’s Republic Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics Ramana Maharshi’s Be As You Are Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Heidegger’s The Question Concerning Technology List of unsolved problems in philosophy Hoftstadter’s Gödel Escher Bach Sand Talk by Tyson Yunkaporta Harris’ Free Will Weber’s Evolving Beyond Thought The Victorious Mind (my book, building on Dr. Weber’s work) There are many other books to recommend, but these are some of the ones I’ve found most useful for training my mind to ask questions that pack a punch. And questions that help reveal answers of the highest possible value. You can apply the study of inquisitive people to any area. It doesn’t all have to be about philosophy. For example, I’ve found reading the questions asked by investors like Warren Buffet to be incredibly rewarding. I’ve also made sure in the realm of investing to speak with consultants who ask me questions. One person in particular helped me think through my investing personality-type, and the questions he asked helped me make better decisions. Long story short, he said that if I went against my psychological profile, I would have a hard time sleeping at night. I’m sure glad his questions helped me realize certain things about myself, because the relationship between sleep and memory is immense. And I need all the sleep I can get. Three: Put Your Questions In Writing We often resort to questioning things mentally. The burden falls completely on the mind. However, getting our hands involved is a best practice due to the benefits of haptic memory. This form of memory involves physical touch and belongs broadly to sensory memory, which is readily exercised. To practice questioning in writing, consider keeping a journal dedicated to this purpose. Also, note that writing out answers to questions is part of the artistic process. In The Successful Novelist, David Morrell shares how he has used a process of questioning to help him derive the plots of very successful novels. He uses writing to flesh out answers to specific questions that draw out realistic plot points his readers love. As a sub-point that I think you’ll love, Morrell gets out into the field to ask his questions. Not only does researching how pilots fly by actually learning from them in their environment help him study faster. He’s able to ask a completely different set of questions because he’s with the people he’s researching. You see things that aren’t apparent otherwise when you get out into the real world environments you’re interested in learning about. Four: Verbalize Your Questions With Others Just as we benefit from processing our ideas physically through writing with our hands, processing questions with our mouths is a godsend. Think about it: Speech science reveals that at least 100 muscles are involved in speaking aloud. Now, not everyone has interested parties to speak with, so get this: You can still exercise all those muscles by asking yourself questions out loud. I do this often and feel no shame in it. It’s a purposeful verbalization of my questions that not only generates better answers, but sometimes helps me improve the questions themselves. This happens because I hear how sometimes I limit my wording, or miss the point. I cannot imagine perceiving these deficiencies in any other way. Five: Review Everything Re-reading books (especially philosophy books) or re-taking courses is one of my favorite strategies for asking better questions. In fact, at the time I’m writing this post, one of my projects involves trying to re-read as much of my university syllabi as possible from my first year to 2009 when I completed my Ph.d. It’s a massive project, and I don’t pretend that I’ll be able to cover everything. However, I’ve already noticed with the books that I’ve re-read so far that the quality of my questions have improved. They’ve done so by virtue of a kind of guiding meta-question: Who was I when I first read these books? What did I feel when I was reading them? Where was I? (Both physically, emotionally and in terms of my street smarts?) What did I conclude after reading them? These questions now have a powerful pair: Who am I now as I read them again? What do I feel now? Where am I? What do I conclude now? What are the notable differences between then and now? Although you might not take your re-reading strategy to the same lengths I am, the benefits of comparing and contrasting your experiences based on these questions is huge. I personally feel that this is one of the most strategic ways to enquire into many aspects of reality at the same time, so hope you’ll give it a try. Question Everything Within Reason Although I’ve presented questioning everything as a beneficial practice, moderation and discernment are required. I imagine that you, like me, ultimately want freedom in life. This means that we can’t become a slave to needing to question everything all the time. Frankly, I doubt anyone could, even if they tried, certainly not without making themselves sick. Rather, enquiry is best deployed as a constant practice. This means that you work on it consistently, a mental strength initiative no different than the physical strength programs we apply to our bodies. This means that some planning will be useful, and self-monitoring to make sure we aren’t going overboard. And the best way to do that? Using questions about how we’re going about questioning things, of course! If you’d like a simple course that will help you remember to keep questioning yourself within reason, give this Free Memory Improvement Kit a try: And let me know: What questions are you going to ask yourself next?

    Full show notes at the publisher

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