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    History

    The Partial Historians

    Join Dr Rad and Dr G as we discuss, spar, and laugh our way through different aspects of the ancient Roman world! Our main series ‘From the Foundation of the City’ follows Roman history year by year from the traditional foundation date of 753 BCE. We also interview academics and specialists from around the globe for their insights into history and the representation of Rome and the ancient Mediterranean in popular culture. Dr Fiona Radford is an expert on Rome on film and wrote her thesis on Kubrick’s Spartacus. Dr Radford is exponent of not only Ancient History, but also Reception Studies. Dr Peta Greenfield is an expert on the Vestal Virgins. Dr Greenfield’s research interests include: religion and politics in Rome, the late republic and Augustan period, and the role of women.

    Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

    Advertise

    Copyright: © The Partial Historians

    • Apple Podcasts
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    Latest Episodes:
    *Special Episode* – Barbarians with Dr Rhiannon Evans Aug 29, 2019
    Show notes

    Dr Radness travelled to Melbourne recently and met with the fantastic and erudite Dr Rhiannon Evans from La Trobe. Dr Evans is one of the famous voices on the Emperors of Rome podcast. In this special episode, Dr Rad and Dr Evans explore barbarians!

    *Special Episode* – Barbarians with Dr Rhiannon Evans

    Tune in to learn more about how the Romans thought about the peoples they came into contact with.

    What makes a
    Barbarian?

    Connotations have a very important place when thinking about barbarians. Our modern usage also influences how we think of the category. So the first order of business is a consideration of etymology and to consider who the Romans are applying the term to and why.

    There are a range of factors to consider when turning to the Roman use of the term. Up for discussion:

    • who cops the designation of barbarian from the Roman perspective
    • what makes someone more and less barbarous
    • just what is happening on the other side of the Rhine
    • and some of the problems with our source materials – written versus archaeological

    Julius Caesar’s
    Barbarians

    There’s nothing quite like expansion to bring a Roman into contact with barbarians. Julius Caesar’s Gallic Wars detail his campaigns. Reading the source closely provide some clues as to:

    • the divisions between the peoples
    • the Roman criticism of the role of writing and speaking amongst non-Roman peoples
    • maybe what’s not happening (Roman victory)
    • and differences in attitude to land use

    Implications of the
    Past on the Present

    The concept of barbarian may emerge from an ancient past, but it continues to have relevance today. The idea of who belongs and who is considered an outsider, and the concept of the Other, are part of an ongoing engagement with how people navigate their relationships with strangers.

    The conversation weaves through the dangers of Caesar’s description of the Germani and touches upon Claudius’ relationship with the Gauls, both of which have modern echoes that Dr R and Evans explore.

    Join us for all this and more!

    I, Dr G, sadly lament my absence from this episode – but having done the write up for this episode, I can assure you it is good!

    Barbarians
    Henri Paul Motte 1886. Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar. Image courtesy of: Wikimedia Commons.

    We love this version of the chief of the Arverni surrendering to Caesar for Motte’s decision to centre the composition on Vercingetorix. The spectre of Caesar remains, but he is a distant haze of red surrounded by soldiers and defences. Vercingetorix is poised and still holding his sword.

    Episode 96 – Letters and Rumours Aug 06, 2019
    Show notes

    The conflict between
    patricians and plebeians continues apace as we explore the political
    complexities of 460 BCE. Much like a Jane Austen novel, letters and
    rumours abound in the fair city of Rome…

    Episode 96 – Letters and Rumours

    According to the annalist tradition, debate continues to rage about the proposal for clarity around laws and the idea of equality before the law. This leads to an unusual situation: the tribunes from the previous year return to continue pushing for these changes. Livy notes that the tribunes are riding on a high after ensuring the recent demise of Caeso Quinctius. But this also means that the incoming consuls are dealing with tribunes who seem be becoming entrenched…

    Strategies for
    Violence?

    We saw in the previous episode that there seems to be a difference between how the older patricians go about politics—through mechanisms such as magistracies and the senate—and how the younger patricians seek to make plays, through public violence and intimidation. Nevertheless, it seems as though the younger ones might just have hit upon a new approach which Dr Rad explores through Livy’s account.

    Letters and Rumours Abound…

    Perhaps as a response to the violence in the City, the tribunes hit upon a new approach to push for changes. And before you know it, secret letters are being delivered to the tribunes while they’re in the forum! There are a few implications that arise because of this and more than a little drama…

    Dr G considers the narrative provided by Dionysius of Halicarnassus which leads into some intense set-piece speeches from Aulus Verginius and Gaius Claudius.

    Join us for an episode full of exciting turns, political jousting, letters and rumours, and maybe even…conspiracy!

    Our Players

    Consuls

    • Publius Valerius P. f. Volusi n. Publicola (cos. II)
    • Gaius Claudius Ap. f. M. n. Inrigillensis (or Regillensis) Sabinus

    Tribunes

    • Aulus Verginius
    • Marcus Volscius Fictor

    Patricians

    • Caeso Quinctius
    letters and rumours
    Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1756. Map of the Forum Romanum / Courtesy of: Wikimedia Commons.
    Although a much later vision of Rome than what we are exploring in this episode, nevertheless, Piranesi conjures up the Forma Urbis Romae project with this elegant etching which includes the forum, the site of much of the action.
    Episode 95 – Introducing Caeso Quinctius Jul 04, 2019
    Show notes
    Episode 95 – Introducing Caeso Quinctius

    The complex relationship between the patricians and plebeians is central to our appreciation of the 460s BCE. In this episode we’ll get to consider the complexities first hand with the entrance of Caeso Quinctius (remember this name, he’s going places!).

    We jump back into
    the narrative history of c. 461 BCE with our guides of the moment,
    Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Both are writing long after
    these events, which means that their accounts leave a lot to be
    desired at times. Nevertheless, both are interested in presenting a
    narrative on the theme of power. How is it distributed? Who has it
    and who doesn’t? And what are the mechanisms of political power in
    this system of armies, consuls, patricians, and plebeians?

    Young Versus Old?

    Livy makes mention of the some generational differences in attitude of the elder patricians and their scions. These simmering tensions influence the way politics plays out in the forum. Dionysius is more interested in discoursing upon the variety of patrician attitudes towards the tribunes, including trying to undermine their legitimacy by noting that they have no connection to the gods. It’s at this point that the young patricians start to emerge with a reputation for public violence…

    Enter Caeso
    Quinctius

    Young, handsome, dangerous, and patrician – he not only has a reputation for words, but he seems like the kinda man who’d back himself in a fight. As a ringleader amongst the young patricians, Quinctius has earned himself a bit of a reputation. Things start to get rough for this youthful specimen of Roman masculinity when Aulus Verginius, tribune of the plebs, seeks to bring charges against him…

    Our Key Players

    Consuls

    • Publius Volumnius M. f. M. n. Amintinus Gallus (pat.)
    • Servius Sulpicius – f. Ser. n. Camerinus Cornutus (pat.)

    Tribune of the Plebs

    • Aulus Verginius
    • Marcus Volscius

    Patricians

    • Caeso Quinctius
    • Lucius Quinctius “Cincinnatus”

    Further reading

    Lintott, A. W. 1970. ‘The Traditions of Violence in the Annals of the Early Roman Republic’ Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 19.1.12-29

    Caeso Quinctius
    Henryk Siemiradzki c. 1880s A Dangerous Game. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons
    Although considered to depict a mythological scene, this painting hints at the undercurrent of violence inherent in this episode as well as suggesting the generational factors at play.
    Episode 94 – Flesh Rains Down Upon Thee Jun 06, 2019
    Show notes
    Episode 94 – Flesh Rains Down Upon Thee

    We return to Rome’s narrative from the founding of City. The year c. 462 BCE ends on a high note with the consuls both gathering honours for their military exploits. L. Lucretius Tricipitinus is awarded a triumph for his successes against the Aequii while T. Veturius Geminus scores an ovatio for his part against the Volscii. As for the title of this episode—’Flesh Rains Down Upon Thee’— well, we wouldn’t want to spoil it, but let’s just say it’s best to keep your ears alert for prodigies!

    C. 461 BCE is a big
    year for Rome in many respects and we’ll be examining it in depth
    over a couple of episodes. Here are our main players:

    The Consuls

    • Publius
      Volumnius M. f. M. n. Amintinus Gallus (patrician)
    • Servius
      Sulpicius – f. Ser. n. Camerinus Cornutus (patrician)

    Prefect of the City

    • Quintus
      Fabius

    Tribune of the Plebs

    • Gaius
      Terentius (Terentilius?) Harsa
    • Aulus
      Verginius

    Restrictions on
    consular power?

    One of the big subjects that comes into play is the extent of imperium held by the consuls. We start to get inklings in both Livy and Dionysius’ accounts that something is not quite right in Rome. The tribunes, in particular, are not satisfied with the status quo.

    One of the difficulties lies in the nature of the populace, what do our sources mean by the populace and why is it so challenging to understand them in a coherent way?

    Beyond the murky and inconsistent character of the populace is the nebulous ideas that the tribunes are raising which include a need for equality of rights and equality of speech. Listen in as we explore the question of what is politically afoot in Rome at this time.

    A
    Codification of the laws…

    The conversation between the senate and the tribunes is tense, but it’s clear that we’re inching closer to a law code. The tribunes (and thus the populace) are calling for transparency, the senate is resisting, and then the heavens themselves open.

    Flesh
    ‘A day in ancient Rome; being a revision of Lohr’s “Aus dem alten Rom”, with numerous illustrations’, by Edgar S. Shumway (1885) ~ Wikimedia Commons
    From left to right: the Tiber, the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and the emporium
    *Special Episode* – Totalus Rankium and the Partial Historians on Tiberius May 15, 2019
    Show notes

    We return to the fray with the most excellent Rob and Jaime to tackle Dr Radness’ favourite emperor. How will Tiberius fare against the criteria of Totalus Rankium? We’re about to find out!

    How great is Tiberius? Tune in to find out!

    How are we judging
    Tiberius?

    Oooo better not to
    ask me, Dr G, author of this post, because I’m too much of an
    Augustan fan-girl to answer this question. Okay, okay, here’s how it
    will work. We’ll discuss Tiberius’ life and career and at the end of
    the conversation we’ll apply the Totalus Rankium system to form a
    holistic judgement of the imperial man himself.

    Here are the
    categories:

    • Fights Maximus – an emperor’s fighting capacity
    • Opprobrium Crazium – their average level of insanity / taking things just too far
    • Succesus Ultimus – how successful were they (all things considered)?
    • Image Facius – were they attractive? Yes, this is the sexy category

    An Origin Story

    Like many people, Tiberius rises from humble beginnings. We’ll explore the nature of his childhood and consider how this may have influenced his character and disposition (a very Suetonian approach if we do say so ourselves). We’re on the search for clues that may help us better understand the complex influences on his life.

    Tiberius Imperator

    Some argue that Tiberius is the first emperor of Rome because he is the first to ‘inherit’ the legal privileges and concessions that secured Augustus’ rule. This is important as it reveals the tenuous nature of the imperial project in these early stages. The differences between Augustus and Tiberius are revealed the moment Tiberius becomes emperor.

    Part of the
    challenge when examining his rule is the underlying consideration:
    what makes a good emperor?

    We’ll consider some of Tiberius’ achievements and also some of the more controversial aspects of his rule in this collaborative episode. You just never know what controversy is in the wind when we’re talking about Tiberius!

    Tiberius imperator
    Obverse: TI[berivs] CAESAR DIVI AVG[vsti] F[ilivs] AVGVSTS (Caesar Augustus Tiberius, son of the Divine Augustus), laureate head right, parallel ribbons
    Reverse: PONTIF[ex] MAXIM[us], Livia (as Pax) seated right, feet on footstool, holding sceptre and branch; ornate legs, one line below.
    Catalogue: RIC I 30; Lyon 154; RSC 16a. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons
    Episode 93 - Divide and Conquer Apr 21, 2019
    Show notes

    Rome emerges from the year of pestilence and moves straight on to divide and conquer. While this seems implausible, we’re still navigating the tricky gaps in our annalist historians – uncertainty is the name of the historical game at this stage. Welcome to c. 462 BCE!

    The pestilence ensured the death of both consuls of c. 463 BCE so it’s only after a series of interreges that we stumble into the new consular year. Join as we explore all c. 462 BCE has to offer including:

    • some of the factors to keep in mind when we encounter plague narratives
    • the increasing divergences in the narratives of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus
    • the battle tactics designed to draw armies away from their chosen theatre of war
    Episode 93 – Divide and Conquer

    Bandits, Aequians, or Volscii?

    One
    of the big discrepancies we
    consider this episode is just who is the enemy? A raiding force
    causes trouble outside Rome, but who are they exactly? Livy and
    Dionysius offer different interpretations of the evidence leaving us
    a central puzzle to resolve concerning battle tactics and
    probabilities.

    Trouble
    in (Hernican)
    Paradise

    While Rome’s been down and out, the Aequians and Volscii alliance have taken the opportunity to strike! Hernican territory is a great strategic choice, but they are definitely allies with Rome so … we’re here to guide you through all the consequences!

    The major players

    Consuls of c. 462
    BCE

    • Lucius
      Lucretius Tricipitinus (patrician)
    • Titus
      Veturius Geminus Cicurinus (patrician)

    Tribune of the plebs

    • Sextus Titius

    The Urban Prefect

    • Quintus
      Fabius (Vibulanus) (or Quintus Furius in your Dion. Hal.) consul II
      (467, 465 BCE)

    Scholarly material

    Dr G gets more excited about pestilence than perhaps is appropriate but it did lead to some of the work of Northwood:

    Northwood, S. J. 2006. ‘Grain Scarcity and Pestilence in the Early Roman Republic: Some Significant Patterns’ in Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 49.81-92

    Source: Costumes of All Nations 1882 by Albert Kretschmer, painters and costumer to the Royal Court Theatre, Berin, and Dr. Carl Rohrbach. Courtesy of: wikimedia commons
    *Special Episode* Quo Vadis with the History of the Papacy Podcast Mar 27, 2019
    Show notes

    We are super excited to announce that we sat down recently with Stephen Guerra, the host of the History of the Papacy Podcast to talk all about the classic 1951 sword-and-sandals film Quo Vadis.

    This is a three way conversation with a variety of perspectives to enjoy. Stephen offers insights into the representation of Christianity. Dr Rad offers an intimate understanding of Rome in Hollywood cinema. Dr G has an eye for all things Roman politics.

    Where are you going?

    Quo Vadis is a Latin phrase which translates as ‘Where are you going?’ and connects with the apocryphal story of Peter fleeing crucifixion in Rome. As he is leaving the city, Jesus appears to Peter in a vision. When Peter asks Quo vadis, Jesus confirms he is heading to Rome to be crucified again. The title of film alludes to the connections between ancient Rome and emerging Christian ideas.

    This film deserves to be described as epic! From the MGM studio and filmed in technicolor, it ambitiously seeks to combine Roman history under the rule of Nero with a narrative of early Christianity. Although famous now for Peter Ustinov’s engaging performance as the emperor Nero, he was not the big ticket actor drawing audiences when the film was initially released. Bona fide Hollywood star Robert Taylor plays the lead role as the Roman soldier Marcus Vinicius and Deborah Kerr plays Lygia, the central Christian of this story.

    Where are we going?

    Join us as we explore Quo Vadis from a variety of perspectives and consider things like:

    • The origins of the film in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel
    • The challenges of bringing this story to the silver screen
    • Just how epic this film was in terms of sets and design
    • Roman history on screen and how it shapes understanding
    • Interpretations of the Christian-Roman conflict and conversion narrative
    • The reception of the film through time

    We send a huge thank you to Stephen for having us as guests on his show and for the editing and post-production work on this episode. This is also a first for us in the sense that Dr Rad and Dr G were also in different locations for this recording. This episode is a big moment for us talking together but not in the same room. We’re crediting the powers of technology for making this project possible!

    Special Episode – Quo Vadis with the History of the Papacy Podcast
    Quo Vadis
    Poster for the 1951 film Quo Vadis / Employee(s) of MGM. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
    *Special Episode* Tiberius with the Life of Caesar Podcast Mar 20, 2019
    Show notes

    We’re very excited to bring you a special episode where we sit down with Cam from The Life of Caesar podcast! We’re talking about Tiberius Caesar Divi Augusti filius Augustus or ‘Tibbo’ as he’s affectionately known.

    As you know, Tiberius holds a special place in Dr Rad’s heart. The Life of the Caesars duo are in the midst of examining his life and career, so it seemed like a great chance to gather together and thrash out some of the details and perspectives on the man who follows in Augustus’ footsteps.

    The Julio-Claudian emperors tend to garner lots of attention in our historical understanding of ancient Rome and for good reason. First, they break away from the republican traditions that had been at the centre of Roman thinking since the expulsion of the kings. And then Augustus’ politics sets the stage for Tiberius’ imperial turn.

    In this broad, expansive, special episode we’ll consider some of the challenges Tiberius faces including:

    • the critical
      perspective of the historical tradition
    • the long
      shadow left by Augustus
    • aaaannnd
      those stories about what happened on Capri…

    This is a great
    meeting of Australian podcasters and we’re only sorry that Ray was
    unable to join us so we could gain the American perspective as well!

    *Special Episode* – Tiberius with the Life of Caesar Podcast
    Tiberius Tibbo
    Portrait of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Image Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
    Episode 92 - The Pestilence of 463 BCE Mar 12, 2019
    Show notes

    We’re jumping back into the narrative. The title might be a bit of a giveaway, yes yes, we’ll be talking about … pestilence! But before we get there we need to consider the circumstances.

    Rome has been having lots of problems with their neighbours, particularly the Aequians and we’ve seen a shift in tactics from Aequians engaging in guerilla style raiding to seeking out the Romans in pitched battle. To say that Rome has been vexed by this is an understatement. Livy has offered some portents for the times ahead which, in a narrative history of Rome, can’t be good!

    Our
    Main Players

    The
    Consuls for c. 463 BCE:

    • Lucius
      Aebutius Helva
    • Publius
      Servilius Priscus

    HARK,
    PLAGUE!

    Livy kinds informs us of some dreadful details about a plague that is sweeping through the countryside. We take you through the grisly details from both Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

    What
    initially seems confined beyond the city though soon moves within and
    this means problems for urban citizens, visitors, and the body
    politic (both figuratively and literally).

    AN
    OPPORTUNITY?

    While Romans struggle just to stay alive, the Aequians and the Volscians consolidate their growing friendship of mutual convenience into a straight up alliance. This places Rome in a difficult spot between needing to keep her own allies – the Latins and the Hernicans – appeased as well as the knowledge that their previous irritations have formally combined forces.

    COME
    FOR THE PLAGUE, STAY FOR THE…

    …Other
    excitement afoot!

    Things
    to look forward to in this episode. We’ll
    consider:

    • The
      first acts
      of the new Aequian-Volscian alliance
    • The
      Roman response to their allies’ call for support
    • The
      defence systems of the City
    • The
      power of divine intervention
    • Some
      reasons why Rome doesn’t fall in this moment
    • And
      questions and discussion about the role of the interreges
    Episode 92 – The Pestilence of 463 BCE
    pestilence
    The angel of death striking a door during the plague of Rome.
    Engraving by Levasseur after J. Delaunay
    Image credit: Wikimedia Commons and Wellcome Images
    *Special Episode* Totalus Rankium and The Partial Historians on Augustus Feb 20, 2019
    Show notes

    In exciting news, we got together recently with the amazing and very hilarious gentleman of Totalus Rankium, Rob and Jaime, to discuss all things Augustus! We love their work on the Roman emperors and thought it would be great fun to see how all our different perspectives on Augustus shaped up in conversation.

    The results are in!
    Enjoy a sparring match of words that goes in all directions. We
    explore some of the highlights and low-lights of Augustus’ life and
    career. You can hear all the fruits of our conversation as Dr G tries
    valiantly to salvage something from the criticism coming from all
    directions!

    Totalus Rankium join The Partial Historians for Augustus!

    The controversial politics of Augustus is central to the conversation and we’ll even take a spin on judging Augustus’ career against the categories developed by Totalus Rankium. We really enjoyed this collaboration and stay tuned because we’ll be delving into Tiberius next 🙂

    Augustus, Octavius, Thurinus?

    Augustus is always a
    bit of a tricky figure, so let’s back up the truck for just a moment,
    here are some of the key details of Augustus’ life through his
    different names.

    The first problem is
    always Roman naming conventions and even these get a run for their
    money when we come to Augustus. Here’s a brief overview of his names
    in a timeline:

    C. Octavius
    (Thurinus)

    63 BCE, 23rd of
    September

    • The son of Atia and C. Octavius. As is customary, they name their son after his father: C. Octavius. Suetonius Aug. 7 reports he is also known as Thurinus because of an ancestral connection with the Thurii region.

    Caesar, son of
    Caesar

    44 BCE, post the
    Ides of March

    • His adoption by Gaius Julius Caesar leads to the assumption of a new name. According to Appian BC 3.11, he begins to refer to himself as Caesar, son of Caesar – this is a different formulation than usual for adopted children. While Romans may have been expecting him to become known as C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, with a nod to his birth family, he instead takes a radical approach of renaming himself as though he were Caesar’s legitimate natal son rather than simply his grand-nephew adopted by will.
    • Ancient historians tend to refer to him as Octavian for the period between 44-27 BCE. Octavian is a shortened version of Octavianus and it is a useful distinction to prevent confusion regarding which C. Julius Caesar is under discussion.

    Gaius Julius Caesar
    Divi Filius

    42 BCE onwards

    • Construction begins on the temple to the deified Julius Caesar. This allows our main man to add something a little bit fancy to his name: he’s not just C. Julius Caesar son of Caesar, he is now C. Julius Caesar son of the God (C. Julius Caesar). It’s a bold political move!

    Imperator Caesar
    Divi Filius Augustus

    27 BCE, 16th of January

    • In the wake of the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in 30 BCE, and the ostensible restoration of the republic, he accepts the honorific ‘Augustus’, proposed to the senate by Munatius Plancus. He’d been using the military title imperator for some time, but his transformation from humble Octavius to Augustus is something of a zenith. He will be known as Augustus for the rest of his life.
    Augustus Totalus Rankium
    Giovannu Battista Tiepolo 1743. Maecenas Presenting the Liberal Arts to Emperor Augustus
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