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    Science

    Let’s Learn Everything!

    Science communicators Ella Hubber, Tom Lum, and Caroline Roper learn about anything and everything interesting! Each episode they teach each other about a science topic, and learn about a miscellaneous topic. Whether it’s bugs on drugs, temporal illusions, or fanfiction, there’s so much out there, so let’s learn everything! Join our Discord, email us, and follow us everywhere at www.LetsLearnEverything.com

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    Copyright: © Tom Lum, Caroline Roper, and Ella Hubber

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    Latest Episodes:
    95: 🎂 Superheavy Elements 2, Craftivism 2, and Tom's List Oct 23, 2025
    Show notes

    It's the podcast's birthday!! So Tom has a few ideas he wants to pitch to Caroline and Ella... but first! Ella and Caroline finally revisit the topics they promised! What are the WILD stories behind the race to discover new elements, and what are the real nuancy nuances of craftivism?

    Images we Talk About:
    William Morris' Print
    Terrero's Hankie
    Hankie Given to Terrero
    Madres de Plaza de Mayo
    Pussyhat
    Tom's Gifts

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:06:43) Superheavy Elements 2
    (01:17:58) Craftivism 2
    (02:01:28) Tom’s List

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about: How do we prove this is real, we pinky promise, a refresher in the form of a pop quiz, we didn’t make the elements - except for some we did make, is the gift plutonium? we never thought we’d have another element heavier - and then you happened! the quizkids element reveal, the increasing specificity of Stan’s Apartmentium, just keep adding and smashing its just math - really expensive math, the long island ice tea of nuclear materials is in the bomb, scraping new elements off the filters of flying through a mushroom cloud, the edge of the periodic table was a cold war battle field, the feuds of the transfermium wars, perhaps sodium seaborgate, while they were bickering over naming Germany discovered 5 new elements, it’s like a railgun you nerd, linear vs circular accelerators, it’s like hotwheels tracks, we could’ve designed this! “how can we differently smash this stuff?”, I’m hype about a filter, only Victor Ninov could run GOOSY, “the most audacious fraud in scientific history”, lying about discovering an element and then discovering it before people catch on to the lie, 3 elements wasn’t enough, Oganessian co discovered 14 elements - the most of anyone, I mean really we all co-discovered this topic, “we hit this wall of super heavy elements being bastards”, Goosy 2 Electric Goosyloo, you’re smashing billions of particles per second over months to hopefully get 1 atom, calcium beam of milk, the theoretical island of stability, superstable superheavy elements, disappointment on the horizon, domestic arts for political and social change, I sure wish someone had done research into this nuance, oh fuck that was supposed to be me! the arts and crafts movement was activism for crafts not crafts for activism, fucking up golf courses for women’s suffrage, some suffragettes didn’t want to include working class women, imprisoned women were given sewing needles to reform but they just made incredible protest art, Madres de Plaza de Mayo, a sense of solidarity through craft, lets tonally tokyo drift this episode baby, comparing and contrasting with the pussy hat, craft ins and yarn bombing, craftivism defies expectations and engages community, “appealing” activism, craftivism is a piece of the puzzle not the whole solution, it’s a useful tool in the toolkit, Hoisin Duck Wrap - Irn Bru - Yogurt, Tom gets a tattoo and regrets it, stopping by Tom Scott’s spinoff podcast show, Tom’s gifts, putting it to the test who’s the strongest cohost, the podcast can officially hop!

    Sources:

    Kit Chapman's "Super Heavy: Making and Breaking the Periodic Table"
    Ella's Superheavy Documentary
    ---
    Britannica: Arts and Crafts Movement
    Textile Society of America: The benefits and pitfalls of craftivism
    Museum of English Rural lift: Suffrage and the Sewing Machine
    American Golfer 1912: The British Suffragettes Attack Golf Courses
    Textile Society of America: The Political Stitch: Voicing Resistance in a Suffrage Textile
    The Thread Blog: Historical Craftivism: From Suffragettes to Gandhi to Argentina
    The Association of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo
    Learning for Justice: Madres de Plaza de Mayo
    V&A: The Pussyhat
    The Morning Crafter Blog: Craftivism: Empowerment, Resistance, and Activism Through History
    Book: How To Be A Craftivist by Sarah Corbett
    2022 Paper: Negotiating the Art of Protest through Craftivism
    2017 Paper: KNIT + RESIST: placing the Pussyhat Project in the context of craft activism
    2018 Paper: Knitting Activism, Knitting Gender, Knitting Race
    J. Feliz: An Open Letter to the Craftivism Movement
    BBC: Police to get broader powers to restrict repeated protests

    Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joinlearn


    94: Paranormal Psychology & Defunct Halloween Traditions Oct 09, 2025
    Show notes

    We know ghosts aren't real, but what is real is the way our brains make us imagine the creepy things that go bump in the night. What about our psychology makes it so easy to be spooked? And we've all heard of costumes and pumpkin carving, but what are the weirdest old Halloween traditions, and what can we take into our own traditions?

    Things we Talk About:
    Mooney Faces
    Games for Halloween
    Snap Dragon Video 1
    Snap Dragon Video 2
    Caramel Pronunciation Map
    Mischief Night Map
    Cabbage Card 1
    Cabbage Card 2
    The Bobbing for Apples Video

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:03:36) Paranormal Psychology
    (01:03:06) Defunct Halloween Traditions
    (01:36:21) Outro

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about: Skeleton Shattering Science Topic, anomalistic psychology is the science of ghost busting, NOT parapsychology, the first step to a ghost is someone who believe in ghosts, following the format of ghost hunting shows, spooky believers are often predisposed pattern recognizers, the Australian sheep goat scale, suggestion not priming, creepyness via agent detection, a haunted house is evolutionarily designed to be spooky to us, the scary feedback loop, no infrasound does not vibrate your eyeballs, pattern recognizing apophenia, it’s a wonder humans aren’t scared all the time, it’s actually good we don’t consciously perceive every single thing, wait the static says subscribe to the podcast?? I think she’s saying her hips DO lie, the yeti, hiring a magician on halloween, Ella’s pattern recognizing brain can sense Tom’s bit voice, all the names Halloween goes by, Samhain was basically new years eve, Mary Blain’s Games for Halloween and her caveat, Silent Supper or Reverse Dinner, don’t play snap dragon, imagine risking third degree burns for a RAISIN, the heat map of words for the night before Halloween, mischief night or Halloweeneen, youth honor day, the worst boy police, did you pull a bisexual cabbage? why is everything so romantic?? silent supper seems cute until you’re sprinting over a fence and smashing a window, bobbing for apples is FERAL, our tradition of a spooky episode.

    Sources:

    2021 Paper- Super-natural fears
    2022 Paper- Believing is seeing: The link between paranormal beliefs and perceiving signal in noise
    Psychology Today: Why Some People See Ghosts But Others Never Do
    2018 Paper: The Australian sheep-goat scale: An evaluation of factor structure and convergent validity
    Wiki- Australian Sheep-Goat Scale
    2003 Paper- An investigation into alleged ‘hauntings’
    1997 Paper- Context-Induced Paranormal Experiences: Support for Houran and Lange's Model of Haunting Phenomena
    2010 Paper- It's still bending: Verbal suggestion and alleged psychokinetic ability
    Smithsonian Magazine- On the Science of Creepiness
    2016 Paper- On the nature of creepiness
    2022 Paper- Why Some People See, Hear, Or Feel “Ghosts”
    2020 Paper- Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”
    2009 Paper- The “Haunt” project: An attempt to build a “haunted” room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound
    BBC- The science behind seeing ghosts
    2022 Paper- Paranormal experiences, sensory-processing sensitivity, and the priming of pareidolia
    2014 Paper- Auditory Pareidolia
    Michael Nees Interview with The Conversation
    Digicult: Joe Banks: Rorschach Audio
    ---
    Smithsonian Mag Halloween Traditions
    Mary E. Blain's Games for Halloween
    Midwest Folklore: Silent Supper
    Journal of the Folklore Institute: Silent Supper
    Atlas Obscura: Silent Supper
    NYTimes Dialect Quiz
    Smithsonian Mag: Mischief Night
    Smithsonian Mag: Old Halloween Pranks
    Atlantic: Halloween Pranks and the Worst Boy Police
    Robert Burns Halloween Poem
    NJ.com Mischief Night
    NPR Apples & Halloween

    Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joinlearn


    93: Unsolved Math Problems & Video Game Controllers w/ Ellen Weatherford Sep 25, 2025
    Show notes

    Wait... ELLA is doing a math topic?? Not only that but she finds the beauty in searching for answers among the toughest math problems. Then, friend of the show Ellen Weatherford takes us through a tour of video game controllers. My favorite is the- wait how did we end up talking about World War 2??

    Images we Talk About:
    Tesseract Gif
    Tennis for Two Controllers
    Magnavox Odyssey
    Game.com

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:03:05) Unsolved Math Problems
    (00:54:47) Video Game Controllers
    (01:46:42) Outro

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about:

    Today Caroline is played by Tom and Tom is played by Ellen, I’ll fall on the bad british accent sword for our guests, Ellen speed runs failing math, famous bad lawyer Fermat, I’m learning about math?? from Ella??? Ellen’s Last Theorem: lentil’s cure cancer, “mathematics like any science requires advancements and research and discovery”, basic math starts as early as mesopotamia, a brief history of mathematics, I gotta make math to describe this apple, math begets math, new ways to solve old problems, is this problem hard or will it take thousands of years to solve, the oldest unsolved math problem is 2000 years old, you’re scientifically wrong that all numbers are perfect, we know of 52 perfect numbers, merseene primes and perfect numbers, we don’t know if odd perfect numbers exist, Hilbert’s 23 unsolved math problems, it’s not the answers to the questions - its the tools built to solve them, new list just dropped - the millenium prize problems, the million dollar prize doesn’t account for inflation, the power of an interesting question, multidimensional play-doh, bumblebee - the tesseract! the poincare conjecture had only not been solved in the third dimension, perelman turns down the fields medal, they can offer a million cause if you solve it you’re only thinking about play-doh and 10 dimensions, is the mellenium prize problematic? eh, after researching a lot… the Riemann hypothesis actually probably won’t break cryptography, pure mathematics deserves the benefit of the doubt for its purpose, go forth with Ella’s blessing, new Ella loves math and libertarianism, I don’t know if the convergent evolution argument for controllers holds up in court, Ellen’s radical definition of a game, I don’t think the gate should be closed but don’t push me through it, the murky search for the first video game, Birdy the Brain - the Tic Tac Toe machine, controllers transmit human intention into a computer, some of the first controllers used dials, I was going to say the manhattan project as a joke, a brief and unexpected nuclear disarment detour, Higinbotham doesn’t like being remembered for tennis for two, Space War! the Magnavox Odyssey, some controllers were tabletop not handheld, Atari stole pong, the anatomy of a controller, stolen valor for logitech controllers piloting submarines, kids and parents learning to use controllers, Ella thought RT and RB meant top and bottom, rumble is purely for experience not input, the game.com had the first touch screen, a urinal controlled driving game, interviewing resident elderly expert Donna Jones.

    Sources:
    MacTutor: Pierre Fermat Biography
    Wiki: Fermat's Last Theorem
    MacTutor: History of Mathematics
    Simon Fraser University: A Brief History of Mathematics
    Medium:The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math
    Pillars Taylor University: Odd Perfect Numbers
    Royal Society: David Hilbert
    Simons Foundation: Hilbert’s Problems
    Clay Institute: The Millennium Prize Problems
    Nature News: Maths 'Nobel' Prize Declined By Russian recluse
    Anatoly Vershik: Thoughts on the Clay Millennium Prizes
    BBC In Our Time: The Poincare Conjecture
    Medium: The Poincaré Conjecture
    [BBC News: Russian Maths Genius Perelman Urged to Take $1m Prize](BBC News - Russian maths genius Perelman urged to take $1m prize)
    Clay Mathematics Institute: Riemann Hypothesis
    ---
    Probably the Oldest Interactive Electronic Game - Jeremy Norman’s History of Information
    “Bertie the Brain Still Lives” - Popular Mechanics
    “Tennis for Two – A Pioneer in the Video Game Industry” - GameSpeak Mag
    “Who was Willy Higinbotham?” - Federation of American Scientists
    “Spacewar!” - Museum of Play
    “The Magnavox Odyssey: The Forgotten Pioneer of Gaming Consoles” - Slashgear
    Bad Game Hall of Fame
    “Place to pee: new Belgian urinal-based video game” - Ars Technica
    “Sega Begins Sales of Urine-Powered 'Toylet' Videogame” - Wired
    Perifit Care, Original Kegel Exerciser

    Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joinlearn


    92: The Chemistry of Computers & The Great Moon Hoax of 1835 Sep 11, 2025
    Show notes

    What does chemistry have to do with computers? Well it might just be the best way to understand what's actually going on inside a CPU! And how could there have been a moon hoax back in 1835? Well it involves cosmic pluralism and Edgar Allen Poe so buckle up!

    Images we Talk About:
    Vaccuum Tubes in Computers
    The First Integrated Circuit
    Another early Integrated Circuit Prototype
    People Etching a Circuit Mask
    TED How are Microchips Made Video
    Etching from the Great Moon Hoax

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:02:23) The Chemistry of Computers
    (01:04:27) The Great Moon Hoax of 1835
    (01:49:15) Outro

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about:

    BOOOO, a first time interview for this podcast, tom tries to define an integrated circuit, semiconductors, being mid at conducting is vital, silicon silica and silicone, quartz is one of the most abundant minerals and it’s just silica, the metalloids, transistors are so important but so vague, Caroline and Ella were not expecting a trans rights joke, for once of your jokes deserved more appreciation, the quest to make the smallest switch, semiconductors or on the edge of flipping between conductive or not, vacuum bulbs, The Tyranny of Numbers, photo-lithography, etching shrinking then stenciling a circuit, then computers would help make computers, Moore’s predictions of the future of computing, wait did you just explain Moore’s Law? my new graphics card comes with a new unified theory of physics, transistors are now the width of a few strands of DNA, quantum troubles, relying on moor’s law can stifly creativity, but also making transistor’s smaller is interesting science! Ella & Caroline never thought they’d understand computers like this, it’s almost like they’re going to announce they’re discovering aliens, cosmic pluralism, Sir William Herschel discovered Tom’s Anus, we were in a way disproving life on other planets, Gruithuisen sees roads on the moon, “the power of imagination on the man is large”, alien theories sold papers, Edgar Allen Poe’s SciCom satire, quoth the lunarian - nevermore, the daily drops escalated the and on the fifth day we got moon racism, the etchings of lunar life, lets get bibles and colonialism on the moon baby, Richard Adams Locke is the true author, Herschel was on a research trip while this was going down, it sounds like we’re the perfect team for a hoax, aside from being a critique of science communication it also made bank and made the sun the most bought newspaper in the world, Locke’s non denial denial, selling property on the moon, this changed journalistic standards, the occasional hoax actually isn’t okay but fine, Herschel actually thinks it’s hilarious, Locke X Poe collab balloon hoax, this sparked a trend of science fiction.

    Sources:
    Cornell History of Semiconductors
    Euro Physics News 100 Years of Semiconductor Science
    Royal Society of Chemistry on Silicon
    PBS History of Transistors
    PBS Invention of the Integrated Circuit
    IEEE Historhy of the Integrated Circuit
    Moore's Original Paper: Cramming more Components onto Integrated Circuits
    UPenn: Is Moore's Law Really Dead?
    MIT: The Death of Moore's Law
    ---
    Wiki: Lunar Pareidolia
    Book- The Moon in the Greek and Roman Imagination
    Wiki- Anaxagoras
    Futurism: Franz von Paula Gruithuisen's Venus Science Fiction
    Smithsonian Blog- The Great Moon Hoax
    Library of Congress: Blogs
    Paper- The "Great Moon Hoax" of 1835
    Linda Hall Library: Richard Adams Locke
    Britannica: The Great Moon Hoax of 1835
    Library of Congress: Blogs : Belief, Legend, and the Great Moon Hoax
    Library of Congress: The Sun (New York) 1833-1916
    Internet Archive: Great Moon Hoax Papers
    Edgar Allen Poe Society: Richard Adams Locke

    Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joinlearn


    91: Lauren Gawne, Is Pointing Rude, and Gestures Studies Aug 28, 2025
    Show notes

    Is pointing rude? I'm sure it's a simple question with a simple answer that won't completely break our brains in rethinking all we take for granted about gesture. Also, what is Lauren’s holy grail lost media of gesture studies?

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:05:01) Is Pointing Rude?
    (00:48:11) Questions for Lauren
    (01:25:26) Outro

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about:

    Diverse but incredibly niche interests is the sweet spot, studying the holes in emoji, Tom wasn’t a rude pointer child like Ella, the Disney point, when you point you don’t direct to the end of your finger - you psychically project forward, dogs and horses are great points - cats not so much, we are the only primate that points in the wild, you likely pointed before you spoke, ITS CALLED THE INDEX FINGER BECAUSE IT POINTS LIKE AN INDEX, non index pointing, “that is one lens through which we could consider this”, lip pointing in Encanto, travel guides will simplify to pointing is rude because it’s complex and nuanced where it’s rude, we haven’t even gotten to rainbows, taboos for pointing at specific things, who dude watch where you’re pointing it’s threatening, what if hypothetically a host just went to japan and pointed a lot, Japan is often on the linguistics bingo card, pointing is the pronoun system in ASL, spacial pronoun tracking, you can be a better pointer than someone, gesture and speech have different strengths, Tom’s gestures are more honest than his words to his cohosts, pointing was some of the earliest emoji, “medieval illuminated manuscript marginalia creators would be disappointed with you Ella”, the finger pointing came before the arrow, “we had hands before we had writing”, gesture studies is still new and very interdisciplinary, the way you study gesture is every way, you gesture bigger in loud environments, computers are good at reading hands but not hands in context, the only thing Tom can correct Lauren on is that it was Just Dance not DDR, gesture is ephemeral to study, a huge reason we have gesture study now is video exists, the holy grail lost tapes of gesture, using gesture studies to prove the nazis wrong, are gestures are both for you and the person you’re talking to, I’m not analyzing your gestures if what you’re saying is interesting, metaphorical gesture space, we move ideas around like little apples, you’ll never be able to watch a ted talk again, the archery V myth, exploiting the ambiguity of gesture, we’ve been gesturing with communicating for so long and only reading and writing so recently - so of course we yearn for emoji, “we’re adding the body straight back in the moment we get the chance to”, the rate of literacy is weird, Lauren insisted no emotion on the head shake emoji because it’s not universally negative, sign language has gesture, for the Aymara language the future is behind you - i cant see whats going to happen, iconic resources, cognitive linguistics is obsessed with our meat puppets, we all experience the same gravity and that influences how we think, part of the joy is being the meat puppet.

    Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joinlearn


    90: Octopuses & The Paralympics Aug 14, 2025
    Show notes

    How strange are octopuses really? We're going to be debunking some claims, then rebunking them with some real, amazing facts about our fellow earthlings. And what the history of the paralympics? What can we learn from its attempts and its failures and its importance in sports?

    See Tom's Science Game Show in NYC!

    Things we Talk About:
    Octopus Virus Diagram
    Snail Nervous System Diagram
    Octopus Maze Image
    Video of Octopus Opening a Jar
    Video of Octopus Camouflage
    Paralympics Ad

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:02:56) Octopuses
    (00:55:08) The Paralympics
    (01:41:44) Outro

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about: Censoring octopussy, 3 science communicators get rabid over a dubious study, octopi are so smart they could only have come about from fertilized eggs aboard an asteroid, cephalopods evolved a central nervous system independently with ganglia, the “head” of an octopus is where there other organs are, octopi don't have 5 brains but they do have a lot of distributed neurons, each sucker is a finger-nose-tongue that can make decisions on its own, octopi have terrible hand eye coordination but can learn to be better at it, Ella thinks “man this would be a great topic for the podcast”, octopi are aliens in the metaphorical sense - and maybe it’s a bad metaphor, I’m not a playing I’m developing flexible behavioral strategies, octopuses play pully downy rather than keepy uppy, the criteria of play, we thought Ella was going to compliment Tom but of course that wasn’t it, octopus cities have populations between 2 and 11, Ella’s gerrymandering octopus city, its more about shared resources and cheaper rent than grand designs, octopus color changing is way more than just pixel cells, but… octopuses are colorblind, their sucker opsins sense color and send directly to chromatophores, octopuses can know a color without seeing it, these are amazing earthling behaviors, Ella was looking for a simple un-nuanced not heavy misc topic, the first Stoke Manderville games, fuck you we’re doing our games on the same day, the organizer of that first game had uhhhhh bad views on disabled people, the Paralypics grew really fast because there was a huge demand for it, Ella loves murderball, goalball and boccia are Paralympic unique sports, the classification system of the Paralympics, the work that goes into the classification system and the flaws and harms it can sometimes have on the athletes, as human as it is to run fast it’s human to cheat, the Spanish ID baseball scandal halted ID sports for 10 years, how the Paralympics and the public views the Paralympians, Ella unfortunately doesn’t solve ableism by the end of the topic, I hear enough of Tom on the show already.

    Sources:
    The Infamous Octopuses from Space Paper
    Live Science: Octopi are Not Aliens
    SciAm: Are Octopuses Smart?
    Octopus Neuroecology
    How Octopuses Control their Body
    Discover Mag: Octopus Intelligence
    The Amazing Octopus Maze Study
    OPB: Octopus Intelligence
    Convergent Evolution of Brains
    Experimental Evidence for Spatial Learning in Octopuses
    SciAm: The Mind of an Octopus
    Octopus Problem Solving
    Play in Octopuses
    Octopus City Study
    BBC: Octopus City
    Neural Control of Cephalopod Camouflage
    Octopus Camouflag Study
    Octopus Aging and Evolution Paper
    ---
    Sage: Deaf History of Sport
    Olympedia: George Eyser
    Wiki: George Eyser
    Olympics: Oliver Halassy
    Paralympic.org: History
    International Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation: Paralympic Games 1960 - 1992
    Paralympic.org: Paralympic Games
    BBC: Stoke Mandeville Games
    Paralympic.org: Who We Are
    Paralympic.org: Paris 2024 Sports
    Washington Post: Wheelchair Rugby
    Top End Sports: Discountinued Paralympic Sports
    SBS News: Sports that Don't Have an Olympic Equivalent
    Olmypics: Boccia
    Paralympic.org: Classification
    BBC Inside Science: Classification
    BAA.org: Parathletics Divisions
    BBC: Tully Kearney
    Paralympics GB: Classification
    BBC: Spain ID Basketball and ID in Paralympics
    The Conversation: When Paralympic Atheletes Fake the Extent of their Disability
    Vice: Spain ID Basketball (translanted)
    The Conversation: Why somne Disabled People are Critical of the Paralympics
    Dis(Empowering) Paralymoics Histories by Danielle Peers
    Guardian: Channel 4 Superhuman Ad
    Guardian: Channel 4 New Ad
    Blog: Paralympics, Good or Bad for Disabled People

    Help support this show and unlock bonus content! Become a member at https://maximumfun.org/joinlearn


    89: Understanding Blood & Peculiar Percussion Jul 31, 2025
    Show notes

    Blood! We all have it, but how much do we know about it? And more importantly, what was the journey of understanding to get there? And just how deep can the history of these peculiar percussion instruments go? Well we'll be criss-crossing across the planet today to find out!

    Images we Talk About:
    The Quijada
    Son Jarocho Quijada Video
    The Clapper
    The Clapper in Performance

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:01:35) Understanding Blood
    (00:49:38) Peculiar Percussion
    (01:24:41) Outro

    Support us with a Max Fun Membership!

    Join our Discord!

    We also learn about: 5 liters of blood over 60,000 miles, humoral theory, phlegm - yellow bile - black bile - blood, I’m from house sanguine - our fire is strongest in our season of spring, humoral theory was around for 1500 YEARS, blood letting, a leeches detour just for Caroline, very few leeches actually suck blood, the exportation of leeches for blood letting made them endangered, we nearly killed the leeches in nearly killing us, leeches are sometimes used today after reconstructive surgery for their enzymes, Nafis’ circulatory system would not be believed for 400 YEARS, these time skips are killing me, Harvey was ALSO NOT BELIEVED, we stan Harvey cause he got witches acquitted, the government and church’s ban on blood transfusions, 1818 was the first recorded successful transfusion, 1658 Jan Swammerdam first saw “oval particles” but this was 7 years before the word “cell” was used, pop quiz on what the parts of blood do, don’t draw your blood while driving, blue and green blood in crustaceans and leeches, antigens and antibodies, “I hope this will be of some use to mankind”, sodium citrate helped blood stay fresh for transfusion, god medicine fucking rules, we reinvented humors with blood personality types, the humors are stored on the antigens obviously, “do you know what my blood type is, for no reason, I’m fine, it’s a podcast thing”, Tom has a slumdog millionaire moment because he was working on another video, there are 48 recognized blood groups each with dozens of antigens, having your own bloodtype means having your own bespoke horoscope, we’re averaging one blood group discovered a year, the journey of understanding blood is the journey of science, it’s hard to tell if rocks were used for a cup song routine, Caroline & Ella fall in love with the quijada, it’s a literal death rattle, “play my bones when I die”, make a jawbone that won’t break, the much sillier vibraslap can still sound good, vibraslap on All Along the Watchtower, the whip/clapper/slap stick, comedia dell’arte, the slap stick was a literal stick to make a slap sound, the christmas rise in slapsticks, the armenia alchemist Avedis Zildjian, since we were working with metal we went listen to this taaah tah tah taaah, a perfeclty clear cymbal is just a bell, a cymbal is crafted chaos to sound good, mmm this wine is very trash but not pingy, now we know Ella’s partner wasn’t just making shit up about cymbal sounds, confirming our sources for this wild Zildjian story, what do you think about this instrument?? I can’t stop making chocolate cymbals! Ringo made people want to drum, finding out Sabian is from the Zildjian family is like finding out Wendy’s last name is McDonald, a percussionist can literally touch history from all across the world, it’s about the reviews we don’t read.

    Sources:
    Science Museum: Blood
    J Thromb Haemost: Discovery of the Cardiovascular System
    Contagion - CURIOSity Digital Collections: Humoral Theory
    MedicineNet: Is Bloodletting Still Used Today?
    Fresh Water Habitats Press Release: Medicinal Leech Breeding
    The New Yorker: The History of Blood
    NCBI Book: The ABO Blood groups
    Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science: The Discovery of Blood Cells
    Red Cross Blood Services: History Of Blood Transfusions 1628 To Now
    NCBI Bookshelf: Blood and the Cells it Contains
    The Conversation: Essays on blood: why do we actually have it?
    Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birth
    PMC: A Brief History of Human Blood Groups
    Japan Experience: Blood Types in Japan
    The Conversation: More Blood Types than you Think
    CBS News: New Blood Type
    The Conversation: Gwada-negative
    ---
    Kabeleh Bah Playing the Quijada
    Salsa Blanca on the Quijada
    John Jeremiah Sullivan on the Quijada
    Son Jarocho Quijada Video
    History of the Vibraslap
    Boston Symphony Orchestra on Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto No 2
    Britannica on Slapstick's Etymology
    The AMNH's Slap Stick
    The Cymbal Test Video
    NPR on Zildjian's History
    NYT on Zildjian's History

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    88: The Evolution of the Placebo & Postage Stamp Art Jul 17, 2025
    Show notes

    Chances are you know what a placebo is, but... how does it really work? And what can its evolution teach us about science, medicine, and ethics? And how much art can fit a tiny postage stamp? Well enough to fill a whole history of debate, drama, and ducks.

    Images we Talk About:
    Drafts of England's First Stamp
    Sydney Views Stamp
    The Train Stamp
    2025 Duck Stamp Winners
    McBroom's Spite Duck

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:02:20) The Evolution of Placebos
    (00:57:13) Postage Stamp Art
    (01:41:17) Outro

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    We also learn about:

    The word placebo has escaped academic containment, fake mourners saying “I will please the lord”, placebo paint on birds wings, placebo as sham, The Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism, not that kind of animal magnetism, placebo as psychology, is this going to be a running bit, defining placebo not in reference to something else, “a person’s psychological response to being treated”, things like healing through time or pressure to answer are Not placebo effects, placebo effects are tricky to study, animals can get the placebo effect, goo goo ga ga am I in the contwal gwoup? conditioning rats that a smell means reduced pain, the internal and external factors of placebo, the placebo effect is actually doing things in your brain, of course we talked about that before on episode TWENTY EIGHT, Ella loves brain action, you can consciously fail a placebo but unconsciously pass it, the nocebo effect, it may be just in your head but your head is a lot of things, the murky ethics of placebos, doctors are mostly prescribing harmless placebos when patients ask for one, Caroline & Ella’s sleeping pill and recovery position placebos, HOLY SHIT PLACEBO EVOLVED INTO CHARIZARD HELL YEAH, some placebos work when you tell people it’s a placebo, placebo pills take 2 twice daily, wait is this actually just about the importance of transparent and accessible and trustworthy medical care?? the American Philatelic Society, Tom used stamps as stickers, Ella’s friend’s giant mimic stamp, the public was aroused by post office reform - not just us! every contestant of the first stamp contest was revoked, it took 4 artists to design the first stamp, no monarch stamps unless they’re hot, the Universal Postal Union is the second oldest international organization, the absolutely HATED train stamp, philatelic propaganda, Operation Cornflakes, the Citizen Stamp Advisory Committee’s incredible process, so you’re saying we can’t make an Iraq War stamp, so you’re saying the UK can make a 9/11 stamp, stamps are of the most visible pieces of art, the duck stamp is the only art competition sponsored by the government, the super bowl of wild life art, are you a celebrity if oyu haven’t won a DEGOT? stamp advisors with reduction glasses, duck stamp royalty, Broome’s incredible spite art, stamps didn’t have to be art - but we’re glad they are.

    Sources:
    The Americal Philatelic Society
    The Postal Museum London: The Penny Black
    Swiss National Museum: Stamps
    Wiki: Postage Stamp Design
    Linns Stamps: New South Wales Pictorial Stamp
    Smithsonian Postal Museum: International Philately
    Universal Posta Union
    2011 Book: Book of History of the Postage Stamps of the United States of America
    US Postal Service: Creating U.S. Postage Stamps
    The Postal Museum London: Stamp Design
    WWT: Duck Stamps
    Scientific America: The Duck Stamp
    Fish and Wildlife Service: 2024 Duck Stamp Winner
    Million Dollar Duck Video- Taylor and McBroom Rivalry
    New York Times: Rising to Glory on the Wings of Ducks
    Print Magazine: The Extraordinary Design Journey of a Stamp—From Quasi-Secret Society to Perforated Perfection
    Image: The First Stamp Design Evolution
    Image: 1869 Pictorial Stamp- 3 Cent Train Stamp
    2024 Duck Stamp Entries
    Image: McBroom: Comrade Tim Taylor
    ---
    Etymology of Placebos & Placebo History
    Placebo Review
    Wikipedia Placebo in History
    Beecher's The Powerful Placebo
    The Powerful Placebo: Fact or Fiction?
    Nature Overview: Placebo - Honesty Fakery
    Textbook Chapter: Placebo Analgesia in Rodents
    The Neuroscience of Placebo Effects
    Benedetti's Great 2 Placebos Experiment
    NPR on Prescribing Placebos
    Guardian on Prescribing Placebos
    Kaptchuk's Great Open Label Placebo Study
    Finniss et al. Placebo Review

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    87: Mating Rituals & True Crime Jul 03, 2025
    Show notes

    Just how complicated can animal mating rituals be, and why did they even evolve them at all? And why is true crime Everywhere, and what can we learn from breaking down what makes it feel so icky?

    Also see Tom's new Game Show in NYC this Sunday! www.OurFindingsShow.com

    Things we Talk About:
    Deathwatch Beetle
    Red-Winged Blackbird
    House Finch
    Lesser Florican Video
    Dance Analysis Video 1
    Dance Analysis Video 2
    Cruell Step-Dames
    Carolina Buddies Murder Ballad

    Timestamps:
    (00:00:00) Intro
    (00:04:04) Mating Rituals
    (01:03:01) True Crime
    (01:46:08) Outro

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    We also learn about: the adorable death watch beetle, the deep sea “ah fuck it - you’re here” approach, of course the man on the podcast thinks reproduction is easy, why are people on hinge so picky, hermaphrodite sea bunnies, there’s plenty of fish in the sea and the sea is fucking huge, sexual ornaments, peacock feathers made Darwin SICK, sexual ornaments to identify you’re doing it with the right species, you can hang your sexual ornaments all year long for other purposes, finch dating shows, carotenoids from skilled foraging make a brighter pigment is an indicator trait, or just go to a tanning salon, going to the gym is the same - false muscles, active at night - gives you a fright - active at day - wants to get laid, wow flies give eye contact during courting - that’s better than a lot of humans, the fly cha cha slide, drosophila simlish, nuptial gifts, Women! Want! Regurgitated Nutrient Liquid! the arms race of jumping birds, the “I’ll have what she’s having theory”, dancing mannequins, intermediate level of asymmetric arm movement, if anything the study shows how comical it is to try to boil down human mating, the famous shirt smelling study, what are you trying to show with a human mating study? we shouldn’t be reductive for human mating or for animal mating either, ascribing the gender binary to worms, there is no one easy tip to dating in nature, a double banger for nuance, early crime tabloids like Illustrated Police News, Jack the Ripper was dubbed by the press after all, the prison chaplain’s broadsides, nature’s cruel step-dames or matchless monsters of the female sex, I can’t stop myself from coming up with names fro these murders, true crime lit was a best seller at public hangings, some broadsides sold 30x more than the news, the unmissable attraction of La Morgue de Paris, American Murder Ballads didn’t need you to be literate, true crime as an indicator of media trends, the vicious cycle of true crime consumption, icky entertainment motivations, working against the wishes of survivors, if only the victim had had our sponsor - simply safe, the commodification of people’s suffering, what stories do we choose not to tell, true crime seems to say there is “right” kind of victim, but true crime isn’t irredeemable.

    Sources:
    Combermere Abbey: A Hard Day’s Night For The Beetles
    Padi: Sea Bunny
    Sea Slug Courtship and Reproduction
    1978 Paper: Ultraviolet reflection and its behavioral role in the courtship of the sulfur butterflies
    1972 Paper: The Role of the Epaulets in the Red-Winged Blackbird, (Agelaius phoeniceus) Social System
    Audubon: Are Brightly Colored Males Really the Best Mates?
    Scientific America: Why are male birds more colorful than female birds?
    National Science Foundation: Bright colors in the animal kingdom: Why some use them to impress and others to intimidate
    2019 Paper: Facial masculinity does not appear to be a condition-dependent male ornament and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity in humans
    Yale News: Yale study reveals mating tip for bird species: You should be dancing
    The Guardian: Dinosaurs performed dances to woo mates, according to new evidence
    Northumbria University: Study identifies high quality female dance movements
    1995: MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans
    2023 Paper: Do humans agree on which body odors are attractive, similar to the agreement observed when rating faces and voices?
    2017 Paper: Humans as a model species for sexual selection research
    2009 Paper: Dance dance attribution: exploring the relationship between dance and attractiveness in intial perceptions
    2020 Paper: Mutual mate choice and its benefits for both sexes
    ---
    Podcast.co: How Many True Crime Podcasts
    Crime Reads: The Rise of the True Crime Podcaster
    JSTOR: The Bloody History of the True Crime Genre
    Henry Goodcole: Nature’s Cruel Steppe Dames
    NYT: The Bloody History of True Crime Lit
    Wellcome Collection: Paris Morgue
    JSTOR: The Paris Morgue Provided Ghoulish Entertainment
    JSTOR: The Murder Ballad Was the Original True Crime Podcast
    Psychology Today: Why the True Crime Audience Is Predominantly Female
    SAGE article: Why women are drawn to tales of rape, murder and serial killers
    NYT: Is Our True-Crime Obsession Doing More Harm Than Good?
    Gawker: True Crime is Rottnig Our Brains
    TIME: The Human Cost of Binge-Watching True Crime Series
    Reclamation: The Fascination With All That is Morbid and Macabre
    Binghamton University: True Crime Adaptations and How the Public Surveils
    University of Oregon: The true crime genre is popular, but is it ethical?

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    The Best of Everything 2025 Jun 19, 2025
    Show notes

    Listeners voted for their favorites topics of the past year, so join us as we chat and relearn the best of everything!

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    Join our Discord!

    The best awards in podcasting that feature hosts named Tom, Ella and Caroline, the best cohost award is a tie (for Charlie and Teddy) actually introducing ourselves again, Tom is the hot one and the funny one, everyone loves dinosaurs, satisfying questions I never thought to ask, no one at the Igs knows Tom, the nuanced story of the propoganda of the propaganda, hey they happen to be some great topics we’re talking about, I had to put jokes about how bad we are so that we could compliment each other later, you can go back and discover Ella’s, we love an experimental episode as well as a classic episode, we love the quirky younger sibling of things, the World Games are coming up soon - get hype!

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