Huberman Lab

Timestamps

00:00:00 Introducing Dr. Craig Heller, Physiology & Performance

00:02:20 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:06:45 Cold Showers, Ice Baths, Cryotherapy

00:10:45 Boundary Layers

00:11:55 Cooling Before Aerobic Activity to Enhance Performance

00:14:45 Anaerobic Activity Locally Increases Muscle Heat

00:16:45 Temperature Gates Our Energy Use

00:19:00 Local Versus Systemic Fatigue: Heat Is Why We Fail

00:22:10 Cooling Off: Most Methods are Counterproductive

00:26:43 Exercise-Induced Brain Fog

00:27:45 Hyperthermia

00:31:50 Best Body Sites for Cooling: Palms, Foot Pads, Upper Face

00:38:00 Cooling Your Brain via The Upper Face; Concussion

00:41:25 Extraordinary (Tripling!) Performance by Cooling the Palms

00:45:35 Enhancing Recovery, Eliminating Soreness w/Intra-workout Cooling

00:50:00 Multiple Sclerosis: Heat Sensitivity & Amelioration with Cooling

00:51:00 Enhancing Endurance with Proper Cooling

00:53:00 Cool Mitt, Ice-Cold Is Too Cold, 3 Minutes Cooling

00:58:20 How You Can Use Palmer Cooling to Enhance Performance

01:01:15 Radiation, Convection, Heat-Transfer, Role of Surface Area

01:04:40 Hypothermia Story, Ideal Re-Heating Strategy

01:11:40 Paw-lmer Cooling for Dog Health & Performance

01:12:45 Warming Up, & Varying Temperature Around the Body

01:17:35 Cooling-Enhanced Performance Is Permanent

01:19:55 Anabolic Steroids versus Palmer Cooling

01:24:00 Female Athletic Performance

01:25:18 Shivering & Cold, Metabolism

01:26:55 Studies of Bears & Hibernation, Brown Fat

01:31:10 Brown Fat Distribution & Activation In Humans

01:34:18 Brain Freeze, Ice Headache: Blood Pressure, Headache

01:37:50 Fidgeters, Non-Exercise Induced Thermogenesis

01:39:44 How Pre-Workout Drinks, & Caffeine May Inhibit Performance

01:43:42 Sleep, Cold, Warm Baths, Screens, & Socks

01:48:44 Synthesis

01:49:30 Supporting the Podcast & Scientific Research

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Controlling Your Dopamine For Motivation, Focus & Satisfaction Sep 27, 2021

Show notes

This episode serves as a sort of “Dopamine Masterclass”. I discuss the immensely powerful chemical that we all make in our brain and body: dopamine. I describe what it does and the neural circuits involved. I explain dopamine peaks and baselines, and the cell biology of dopamine depletion. I include 14 tools for how to control your dopamine release for sake of motivation, focus, avoiding and combating addiction and depression, and I explain why dopamine stacking with chemicals and behaviors inevitably leads to states of underwhelm and poor performance. I explain how to achieve sustained increases in baseline dopamine, compounds that injure and protect dopamine neurons including caffeine from specific sources. I describe non-prescription supplements for increasing dopamine—both their benefits and risks—and synergy of pro-dopamine supplements with those that increase acetylcholine.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Introduction & Tool 1 to Induce Lasting Dopamine

00:05:04 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:09:10 Upcoming (Zero-Cost) Neuroplasticity Seminar for Educators

00:09:58 What Dopamine (Really) Does

00:15:30 Two Main Neural Circuits for Dopamine

00:18:14 How Dopamine Is Released: Locally and Broadly

00:22:03 Fast and Slow Effects of Dopamine

00:25:03 Dopamine Neurons Co-Release Glutamate

00:28:00 Your Dopamine History Really Matters

00:30:30 Parkinson’s & Drugs That Kill Dopamine Neurons. My Dopamine Experience

00:36:58 Tool 3 Controlling Dopamine Peaks & Baselines

00:40:06 Chocolate, Sex (Pursuit & Behavior), Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamine, Exercise

00:46:46 Tool 4 Caffeine Increases Dopamine Receptors

00:49:54 Pursuit, Excitement & Your “Dopamine Setpoint”

00:56:46 Your Pleasure-Pain Balance & Defining “Pain”

01:00:00 Addiction, Dopamine Depletion, & Replenishing Dopamine

01:07:50 Tool 5 Ensure Your Best (Healthy) Dopamine Release

01:15:28 Smart Phones: How They Alter Our Dopamine Circuits

01:19:45 Stimulants & Spiking Dopamine: Counterproductive for Work, Exercise & Attention

01:22:20 Caffeine Sources Matter: Yerba Mate & Dopamine Neuron Protection

01:24:20 Caffeine & Neurotoxicity of MDMA

01:26:15 Amphetamine, Cocaine & Detrimental Rewiring of Dopamine Circuits

01:27:57 Ritalin, Adderall, (Ar)Modafinil: ADHD versus non-Prescription Uses

01:28:45 Tool 6 Stimulating Long-Lasting Increases in Baseline Dopamine

01:37:55 Tool 7 Tuning Your Dopamine for Ongoing Motivation

01:47:40 Tool 8 Intermittent Fasting: Effects on Dopamine

01:53:09 Validation of Your Pre-Existing Beliefs Increases Dopamine

01:53:50 Tool 9 Quitting Sugar & Highly Palatable Foods: 48 Hours

01:55:36 Pornography

01:56:50 Wellbutrin & Depression & Anxiety

01:58:30 Tool 10 Mucuna Pruriens, Prolactin, Sperm, Crash Warning

02:01:45 Tool 11 L-Tyrosine: Dosages, Duration of Effects & Specificity

02:05:20 Tool 12 Avoiding Melatonin Supplementation, & Avoiding Light 10pm-4am

02:07:00 Tool 13 Phenylethylamine (with Alpha-GPC) For Dopamine Focus/Energy

02:08:20 Tool 14 Huperzine A

02:10:02 Social Connections, Oxytocin & Dopamine Release

02:12:20 Direct & Indirect Effects: e.g., Maca; Synthesis & Application

02:14:22 Zero-Cost & Other Ways To Support Podcast & Research

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Psychedelics for Treating Mental Disorders | Dr. Matthew Johnson Sep 20, 2021

Show notes

This episode I discuss medical research on psychedelic compounds with Dr. Matthew Johnson, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. We discuss the biology and medical clinical-trial uses of psilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, DMT, and LSD. Dr. Johnson teaches us what the clinical trials in his lab are revealing about the potential these compounds hold for the treatment of depression, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, ADHD, and other disorders of the mind. Dr. Johnson describes a typical psychedelic experiment in his laboratory, start to finish, including the conditions for optimal clinical outcomes. And he explains some of the potential hazards and common misconceptions and pitfalls related to psychedelic medicine. Dr. Johnson explains flashbacks, the heightened risks of certain people and age groups using psychedelics and the ever evolving legal and pharmaceutical industry landscape surrounding psychedelics. Dr. Johnson also explains how the scientific study of psychedelics is likely to set the trajectory of psychiatric medicine in the years to come. Dr. Johnson is among a small handful of researchers who have pioneered the clinical study of these powerful compounds. He has unprecedented insight into how they can be woven into other psychiatric treatments, changing ones sense of self and of reality.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Introducing Dr. Matthew Johnson

00:02:27 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:06:40 ‘Psychedelics’ Defined

00:14:09 Hallucinations, Synesthesia, Altered Space-Time Perception

00:19:56 Serotonin & Dopamine

00:23:50 Ketamine & Glutamate

00:28:00 An Example Psychedelic Experiment

00:37:30 ‘Letting Go’ with Psychedelics

00:44:10 Our Mind’s Eye

00:48:00 Redefining Your Sense of Self

00:58:56 Exporting Psychedelic Learnings to Daily Life

01:04:36 Flashbacks

01:12:10 Ayahuasca, ASMR, Kundalini Breathing

01:15:54 MDMA, DMT

01:26:00 Dangers of Psychedelics, Bad Trips, Long-Lasting Psychosis

01:38:15 Micro-Dosing

01:56:45 Risks for Kids, Adolescents & Teenagers; Future Clinical Trials

02:03:40 Legal Status: Decriminalization vs. Legalization vs. Regulation

02:18:35 Psychedelics for Treating Concussion & Traumatic Brain Injury

02:27:45 Shifting Trends in Psychedelic Research, Academic Culture

02:44:23 Participating in a Clinical Trial, Online Survey Studies, Breathwork

02:50:38 Conclusions, Subscribing & Supporting the HLP, Supplements

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ADHD & How Anyone Can Improve Their Focus Sep 13, 2021

Show notes

In this episode, I discuss ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): what it is, the common myths, and the biology and psychology of ADHD.

I discuss both behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for ADHD, and brain-machine interface tools. I also discuss behavioral training protocols that can improve focus in people with ADHD and those without ADHD, and for people of different ages. I discuss the role of dopamine in coordinating 'default-mode' and 'task-related' neural networks, attentional "blinks" (lapses of attention) and how to overcome them, and the role of actual blinks in time perception and attention. Finally, I review some of the prescription and over-the-counter compounds for increasing focus such as Adderall, Ritalin, Modafinil and Armodafinil, the racetams, Alpha-GPC and phosphatidylserine and the role of diet for managing ADHD (and the controversies of diet for ADHD).

The role of cell phones/technology in ADHD and ADHD-like challenges with focus are also discussed. Throughout, both basic science and clinical scenarios, as well as applicable tools and resources are covered.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Introduction & Note About Diagnosis

00:03:44 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:07:56 ADHD vs. ADD: Genetics, IQ, Rates in Kids & Adults

00:13:00 Attention & Focus, Impulse Control

00:14:57 Hyper-focus

00:16:45 Time Perception

00:18:25 The Pile System

00:20:00 Working Memory

00:24:10 Hyper-Focus & Dopamine

00:26:40 Neural Circuits In ADHD: Default Mode Network & Task-Related Networks

00:32:57 Low Dopamine in ADHD & Stimulant Use & Abuse

00:37:10 Sugar, Ritalin, Adderall, Modafinil & Armodafinil

00:47:00 Non-Prescribed Adderall, Caffeine, Nicotine

00:49:18 How Stimulants “Teach” the Brains of ADHD Children to Focus

00:52:00 When To Medicate: A Highly Informed (Anecdotal) Case Study

00:56:35 Elimination Diets & Allergies In ADHD

01:04:46 Omega-3 Fatty Acids: EPAs & DHAs

01:07:00 Modulation vs Mediation of Biological Processes

01:10:50 Attentional Blinks

01:16:56 Open Monitoring & 17-Minute Focus Enhancement

01:22:50 Blinking, Dopamine & Time Perception; & Focus Training

01:30:10 Reverberatory Neural & Physical Activity

01:33:40 Adderall, Ritalin & Blink Frequency

01:35:00 Cannabis

01:37:30 Interoceptive Awareness

01:41:15 Ritalin, Adderall, Modafinil, Armodafinil; Smart Drugs & Caffeine: Dangers

01:48:05 DHA Fatty Acids, Phosphatidylserine

01:50:54 Ginko Biloba

01:51:45 Modafinil & Armodafinil: Dopamine Action & Orexin

01:56:19 Acetylcholine: Circuits Underlying Focus; Alpha-GPC

01:59:04 L-Tyrosine, (PEA) Phenylethylamine

02:01:23 Racetams, Noopept

02:05:15 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Combining Technology & Pharmacology

02:09:14 Smart Phones & ADHD & Sub-Clinical Focus Issues In Adults & Kids

02:14:30 Synthesis/Summary

02:16:10 Support for Podcast & Research, Supplement Resources

Disclaimer & Dislcosures

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Healthy Eating & Eating Disorders - Anorexia, Bulimia, Binging Sep 06, 2021

Show notes

In this episode, I discuss what drives hunger and satiety, and the role our brain, stomach, fat and hormones play in regulating hunger and turning off the desire to eat more. I also address how protein is assimilated better early in the day than it is later in the day, and why those using intermittent fasting might want to shift their feeding window to earlier in the day.

Then I delve into the topic of disorders of eating: Anorexia Nervosa, where people starve themselves and Bulimia Nervosa where people binge and purge their food. I discuss some common myths about Anorexia such as the role of media images increasing the rates of anorexia and the myth of the "perfectionist" anorexic. I also review the symptoms, and the brain and chemical systems disrupted in this condition. I explain how anorexics become hyperaware of the fat content of foods and develop reflexive habits of fat-hyperawareness. Then I discuss the most effective treatments ranging from family-based models to those that target the habitual nature of low-fat/calorie food choices. I also discuss new more experimental clinical trials on MDMA, Psilocybin and Ibogaine for Anorexia, and both their promise and risks

I review the latest work on binge eating disorder and brain stimulation, drug treatments and thyroid disruption in Bulimia and why the treatments for Bulimia are so similar to those for ADHD. Finally, I discuss "cheat days," body dysmorphia and the growing list of novel forms of eating disorders start to finish. As always, science and science-based tools are discussed.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Introduction: Fasting, & Defining Healthy Eating

00:08:55 Morning Protein Is Important

00:22:21 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:26:29 Defining & Diagnosing Eating Disorders

00:29:00 Anorexia Nervosa (Overview & Myths)

00:33:44 Bulimia (Overview & Myths)

00:37:35 Binge Eating Disorders, EDNOS, OSFEDS, Pica

00:39:44 What is Hunger? What is Satiety?

00:42:00 Neuronal & Hormonal “Accelerators & Brakes” on Eating

00:46:17 Fat, Leptin & Fertility & Metabolic Dysfunctions in Obesity

00:50:30 Why We Overeat

00:55:30 Homeostasis & Reward Systems/Decisions

00:59:58 Anorexia

01:04:28 The Cholesterol Paradox

01:06:13 Psychological vs. Biological/Genetic Factors in Anorexia

01:09:44 Chemical Imbalances, Serotonergic Treatments

01:12:56 Altered Habits & Rewards in Anorexia: Hyperacuity for Fat Content

01:18:28 Brain Areas for Reward Based Decision Making vs. Habits

01:24:06 Habit-Reward Circuits Are Flipped in Anorexics: Reward for Deprivation

01:28:30 How Do You Break a Habit?

01:33:23 Family Based Models, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

01:35:39 MDMA, Psilocybin, Clinical Trials, Ibogaine

01:40:35 Anabolic vs. Catabolic Exercise, Spontaneous Movements, NEAT

01:43:23 Distorted Self Image in Anorexia

01:47:54 Bulimia & Binge-Eating, “Cheat Days”, Thyroid Hormone

01:53:05 Inhibitory Control, Impulsivity, Adderall, Wellbutrin

01:58:00 Direct Brain Stimulation: Nucleus Accumbens

02:04:28 Anorexia/Reward vs. Bulimia/Binging

02:05:45 Healthy Eating Revisited

02:10:55 Synthesis, Body Dysmorphias

02:14:15 Support: Podcast, & Research Studies

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Science of Stress, Testosterone & Free Will | Dr. Robert Sapolsky Aug 30, 2021

Show notes

In this episode, I interview Dr. Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Neurology & Neurosurgery at Stanford University. We discuss stress, what defines short-term versus long-term stress, and how stress can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the context. We also discuss stress mitigation and how our sense of control over stress mitigation techniques, including exercise, determine health outcomes. Dr. Sapolsky explains some of the key effects of the hormone testosterone — how it can amplify pre-existing tendencies for aggression or sexual behavior, but that it does not produce those behaviors per se. He also explains how testosterone impacts our social hierarchies, sense of confidence, and willingness to embrace challenges of different kinds. He also explains how our behaviors and perceptions shape testosterone levels. And we discuss estrogen and the powerful role it plays in brain development, health and longevity. Finally, we discuss free will, what it means to have free will, and if we have any free will, including how knowledge alone might allow us to make better decisions for ourselves and society.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Introduction: Dr. Robert Sapolsky

00:02:25 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:06:30 Stress: Short & Long-Term, Good & Bad

00:09:11 Valence & Amygdala

00:11:00 Testosterone: Common Myths vs. Actual Truths

00:15:15 Behaviors that Affect Testosterone

00:17:20 Mindsets & Contexts that Affect Testosterone

00:20:28 How Finger Length Ratios Reflect Prenatal Hormone Levels

00:22:30 Aggression: Male-Female, Female-Male, & Female-Female

00:24:05 Testosterone: The Challenge Hypothesis

00:29:20 How Dopamine Impacts Testosterone & Motivation

00:32:32 Estrogen: Improves Brain & Longevity BUT TIMING IS KEY

00:39:40 Are Testosterone & Sperm Counts in Males Really Dropping?

00:42:15 Stress Mitigation & Our Sense of Control

00:51:35 How Best to Buffer Stress

00:57:04 Power of Perception, Choice & Individual Differences

01:00:32 Context-Setting, Prefrontal Cortex & Hierarchy

01:11:20 How Dr. Sapolsky Accomplishes Deep Thinking

01:13:17 Do We Have Free Will?

01:20:50 How to Apply Knowledge & Learning

01:23:44 Robert’s New Book: “Determined: The Science of Life Without Free Will”

01:28:27 Reflections, Support of Podcast, & Supporting Stress Research

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Understanding & Conquering Depression Aug 23, 2021

Show notes

This episode, I explain what major depression is at the biological and psychological level and the various treatments that peer-reviewed studies have revealed can help prevent and treat depression. I explain the three major chemical systems that are altered in depression: norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. I discuss genetic predispositions to depression and how stress, thyroid hormone and cortisol play a role in many forms of depression. I also discuss inflammation as a common feature of many depression symptoms. I review 8 specific science-supported protocols for treating and avoiding depression, including EPA fatty acids (which have been shown to rival certain prescription treatments), how exercise protects against depression, studies of creatine, adjusting dopamine balance and more. I also discuss the results of ongoing clinical trials for ketamine and psilocybin for depression, how these compounds work and finally, I review how ketogenic diets can help in certain cases of depression, especially treatment-resistant major depression.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Mood Disorders & Maintaining Mental Health (Protocol 1)

00:07:25 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:11:15 Major Depression

00:18:40 “Anti-Self” Confabulation

00:21:42 Autonomic (Vegetative) Symptoms of Depression

00:26:58 Norepinephrine, Dopamine & Serotonin

00:31:50 SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

00:37:00 Epinephrine/Motor Functions, Dopamine/Motivation & Craving, Serotonin/Emotions

00:39:33 Physical & Emotional Pain are Linked: Substance P

00:41:50 Hormones & Depression: Thyroid & Cortisol

00:46:50 Genetic Susceptibility to Depression: Impact of Stress

00:50:50 Understanding Biological Mechanism Is Key: Recipes versus Skills

00:52:50 Tools for Dealing with Depression: Logic & Implementation (Protocol 2)

00:56:25 Brain Inflammation & Mental State: Cytokines, Prostaglandins, etc.

00:59:20 Protocol 3: Essential Fatty Acids (Omega-3, EPAs: Eicosapentaenoic Acid)*

01:02:50 How EPAs Help Offset Depression: Serotonin Synthesis, Kynurenine, Quinolinic Acid

01:05:25 Protocol 4: How Exercise Offsets Depression

01:11:44 Protocol 5: Creatine Monohydrate, Forebrain Function & NMDA Receptors*

01:20:30 Protocol 6*: Ketamine, PCP (*Prescription-Only), & NMDA-Receptor Function

01:33:08 Protocol 7*: Psychedelics (*In Clinical Trials) for Major Depression: Psilocybin*

01:47:00 Protocol 8: Ketogenic Diet, GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

01:54:50 Summary of Protocols Covered

02:00:10 Support & Additional Resources

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Understanding & Treating Addiction | Dr. Anna Lembke Aug 16, 2021

Show notes

This episode I interview Dr. Anna Lembke, M.D., Chief of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic at Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Lembke is a psychiatrist expert in treating addictions of all kinds: drugs, alcohol, food, sex, video games, gambling, food, medication, etc. Dr. Lembke is also an expert in the opioid crisis, and the author of Dopamine Nation.

We discuss the biology and psychology of why people become addicted to certain substances and behaviors and the key role that our "dopamine balance" plays in creating addiction. We also discuss the science and practice of how to conquer addictions, why people relapse and how to avoid relapsing. Dr. Lembke also shares her expertise on topics closely related to addiction such as community, shame and lying and she explains why telling the truth—even about the most basic things in daily life, adjusts dopamine levels in our brain.

This episode is an important one for anyone struggling with addictions of any kind, for their friends and families and for health care professionals. It is also for anyone who has defeated addiction and is determined to stay clean. Last but not least, it helps explain why all humans do what we do, and how we can all maintain a healthy sense of pleasure seeking in life.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Dr. Anna Lembke, Addiction Expert

00:02:42 Disclaimer & Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:07:00 Dopamine, Happiness & Impulsivity

00:15:56 What Is Pleasure?

00:18:20 Addiction, Boredom & Passion for Life

00:24:00 Pain-Pleasure Balance Controls Addiction

00:29:10 Dopamine Deficits, Anhedonia

00:30:47 Are All Addictions the Same?

00:35:38 Boredom & Anxiety Lead to Creativity

00:40:35 Finding Your Passion Starts with Boredom & Action Steps

00:50:05 How to Break an Addiction

00:55:25 Relapse, Craving & Triggers

01:07:40 Can People Get Addicted To “Sobriety”?

01:11:45 Are We All Wired for Addiction?

01:15:57 Bizarre Addiction

01:18:14 Recovered Addicts Are Heroes

01:20:10 Lying, Truth Telling, Guilt & Shame

01:30:40 Clinical Applications of: Ibogaine, Ayahuasca, Psilocybin & MDMA

01:40:20 Social Media Addiction

01:51:25 Narcissism

01:53:30 Goal Seeking, Success & Surprise

01:58:10 Reciprocity

02:01:15 Closing Comments, Resources

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How to Control Your Sense of Pain & Pleasure Aug 09, 2021

Show notes

This episode I discuss our sense of pain and pleasure: where and how they each arise in our mind and body and various ways to control their intensity. I discuss the science of behavioral tools like acupuncture and hypnosis and directed pressure, including the neural circuits they each activate to modulate our experience of pain or pleasure. I also discuss whole body pain, pain "syndromes" and novel pain relief compounds such as Acetyl-L-Carnitine, SAMe and Agmatine. I discuss neuroplasticity of the pain system and the key role that visual perception plays in pain modulation. Finally, I address the link between dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin, with arousal, pleasure and pain. As always, both basic science and various protocols are described.

Note: The description of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) was intentionally simplified and does not include mention of dorsal horn spinal relay neurons, etc. For an excellent full text review of this anatomy and circuits for touch sensing, please see: https://bit.ly/3jH9CPf

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

00:00:00 Skin, Pain, Pleasure

00:01:50 Protocol 1: Maximizing Motivation (with Dopamine & Pleasure)

00:07:29 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:12:04 Pleasure & Pain, & Skin Sensors

00:18:13 Sensing Touch with Your Brain: Magnification of Feet, Hands, Lips, Face, Genitals

00:22:16 Two-Point Discrimination, Dermatomes

00:28:11 Thoughts & Genes That Make Physical Pain Worse

00:33:45 Expectations, Anxiety, & Pain Threshold

00:40:27 Protocol 2: Cold Sensing Is Relative; Getting Into Cold Water

00:45:22 Protocol 3: Heat Is Absolute

00:48:10 Injury & Pain

00:52:04 Protocol 4: Plasticity of Pain: Key Role of Vision

00:58:08 Sensing Disparate Body Parts As Merged

01:01:00 Pain “Syndromes”, Psychogenic Fever, “Psychosomatics”

01:04:40 Fibromyalgia, Naltrexone, Protocol 5: Acetyl-L-Carnitine

01:12:24 Protocol 6: Agmatine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate

01:17:27 Acupuncture: Mechanism, Non-Responders, Itch & Inflammation

01:28:20 Laser Photobiomodulation, Protocol 7: Hypnosis (reveri.com)

01:30:00 Protocol 8: Pressure-Based Pain Relief, “Gate Theory of Pain (Relief)”

01:37:53 Redheads & Pain Thresholds, Endogenous Opioids

01:44:02 Protocol 8: Love & Pain, Dopamine

01:49:23 Pleasure & Reproduction, Dopamine & Serotonin, Oxytocin

01:51:40 Protocol 9: PEA, L-Phenylalanine (Precursor to Tyrosine)

01:55:40 Contextual Control of Pleasure by Autonomic Arousal, Dopamine Baselines

01:59:40 Pleasure-Pain Balance

02:01:24 Protocol 10: Controlling Pleasure, Dopamine & Motivation Over Time

02:06:40 Protocol 11: Immediate, Non-Goal-Directed Pleasure, PAG

02:08:40 Direction of Touch: Pleasure Versus Pain, Arousal & Touch “Sensitivity”

02:13:00 Synthesis & How to Conceptualize Pain and Pleasure, Support