Huberman Lab

Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman

Timestamps

(00:00) Intermittent Fasting, Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)

(00:50) Diet, Weight Loss, Calories & Hormones

(05:50) Body’s Response to Eating vs Fasting, Fasting Duration

(09:04) Sponsor: Carbon

(10:50) Time-Restricted Feeding & Metabolic Benefits, Circadian Gene Rhythm

(16:19) Optimal Meal Timing, Tool: Extend Sleep-Related Fasts

(21:29) Sponsors: AG1 & LMNT

(24:02) Eating Window Length, Tools: Adjusting TRE for Building Muscle, Regularity

(26:55) Accelerate Transition to Fasting, Glucose Clearing, Tool: After-Meal Walk

(28:36) Metformin, Berberine, Continuous Glucose Monitors; Cell Growth vs Repair, mTOR

(31:46) Gut Microbiome; Transitioning to Intermittent Fasting & Individualization

(34:03) Tool: 8-Hour Feeding Window & Weight Loss

(35:25) Sponsor: Joovv

(36:40) What Breaks a Fast?, Sugar; Tool: Using Salt to Support Fasting

(39:42) Tool: Ideal Feeding Window Guidelines; Exercise & Social Considerations

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Science & Health Benefits of Belief in God & Religion | Dr. David DeSteno Aug 25, 2025

Show notes

My guest is Dr. David DeSteno, PhD, a professor of psychology at Northeastern University. We discuss science, God and religion, including what science can and can’t reveal about the existence of God and where religious faith and science do and do not align. We also discuss why questions about life’s origins, miracles and the afterlife have persisted across time. Dr. DeSteno explains how religious rituals cause meaningful improvements in mental and physical health and how prayer and gratitude can markedly reduce stress, increase honesty and compassion and buffer against loneliness and despair. Finally, we explore what distinguishes religions and mission-based communities from cults, and we discuss the role that communities such as 12-step and Burning Man play in modern life.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman

Timestamps

(00:00) David DeSteno

(02:10) Science & Belief in God, Does God Exist?

(07:06) Universe Origins & Scientific Questions; Religion & Life/Health Benefits

(15:16) Sponsors: Our Place & LMNT

(18:23) Russell's Teapot, Overbelief, Faith; Religio-prospecting, Traditional Practices

(26:49) Mediation & Compassion, Prayer & Stress Relief, Tools: Meditation, Prayer

(34:40) Superstition, Prayers & Rituals; Mourning Rituals, Eulogies, Shiva, Connection

(43:58) Grieving & Different Religious Traditions

(47:15) Sponsors: AG1 & Eight Sleep

(50:12) God vs Religion?; Prayer, Community, Religious Rituals & Ideals

(56:17) Psychedelics, Ego Death, Right vs Left-Handed Roots

(01:01:24) Good & Evil; Lies & Cheating; Gratitude & Prayer

(01:11:03) Loneliness, Community & Religion, Relationship with God & 3AM Friend

(01:16:25) Sponsor: Function

(01:18:12) Feeling God; Intelligent Design, Evolution, Eye; Awe

(01:25:21) Overwhelm & Spiritual Experiences, Awe Despite Understanding

(01:31:01) Fear of Death, Afterlife, Tool: Contemplating Death

(01:37:11) Time Perception, Connectedness, Traditional Practices

(01:42:53) Addiction; 12-Step Programs & Surrender to a Higher Power

(01:49:02) New Religions, Burning Man, Modern Spiritual Experiences, Cults

(01:58:06) Cults vs Religions, Religious Interpretation & Reorientation

(02:03:56) AI, Technology, Religion & Intelligence; Religious Branding

(02:11:05) Religion Figures & Flaws, Direct Experience of God

(02:15:13) Finding a Belief System, Embracing Religious Practices, Tool: Sampling Religions

(02:21:40) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Essentials: Timing Light for Better Sleep, Energy & Mood | Dr. Samer Hattar Aug 21, 2025

Show notes

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Samer Hattar, PhD, the Chief of the Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms at the National Institute of Mental Health.

We discuss how light powerfully shapes mood, sleep, appetite, learning and overall mental health by aligning—or misaligning—our internal circadian clock. We explain practical protocols to support your circadian rhythm, including morning sunlight exposure, dim evening lighting and regular mealtimes. We also discuss strategies to manage jet lag, limit evening screen use, ease seasonal depression and improve focus by syncing light, sleep and food with natural biological rhythms.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

ROKA: https://roka.com/huberman

Timestamps

(00:00) Samer Hattar

(00:27) Light, Circadian Clock vs Solar Day, Sleep-Wake Cycle

(03:20) Eyes, Photoreceptors & Light Entrainment, Blindness, Sleep

(06:13) Morning Light, Artificial Lights, Tool: Morning Sunlight Exposure

(08:28) Jet Lag Without Traveling, Sleep Issues, Screens, Staying Indoors

(09:19) Sponsors: Eight Sleep & ROKA

(12:14) Chronotypes, Intrinsic Circadian Rhythms

(14:06) Afternoon & Evening Light, Tools: Dimming Lights, Reduce Screen Use

(15:57) Light Exposure & Effects on Stress, Mood & Learning, Tripartite Model

(19:30) Light & Appetite, Tool: Regular Meal Times

(22:39) Using Light to Improve Sleep, Mood & Mental Health

(24:20) Sponsor: AG1

(25:42) Jet Lag, Tools: Temperature Minimum; Eat on Local Schedule, Avoid Mismatched Light Exposure

(29:15) Sleep Issues, Light-Dark Cycle

(30:50) Seasonality, Seasonal Depression; Daylight Savings Time

(34:07) Acknowledgements

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Using Stem Cells to Cure Autism, Epilepsy & Schizophrenia | Dr. Sergiu Pașca Aug 18, 2025

Show notes

My guest is Dr. Sergiu Pașca, MD, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. We discuss the biology and genetics of autism, why autism diagnoses are increasing and recent progress in using stem cells to understand and treat profound autism and other brain disorders. Dr. Pașca explains “organoids and assembloids”—human stem cell–derived tools he pioneered to study, treat and cure complex brain diseases. We also discuss ethical and safety issues with using gene editing and stem cells in humans.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman

Helix: https://helixsleep.com/huberman

BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman

Timestamps

(00:00) Sergiu Pașca

(02:08) Autism Spectrum Disorder, Incidence, Genetics

(07:16) Is Autism More Common in Males?

(09:35) Sponsors: David & Helix Sleep

(11:56) Eye Contact in Babies, Fever; Proposed Causes of Autism; Genes

(18:48) Genetic or Idiopathic Autism Diagnoses, Timothy Syndrome

(21:37) Rise in Autism Diagnoses

(26:46) Cause, Correlation & Neurological Disease; Schizophrenia, Do Vaccines Cause Autism?

(31:34) Global Increase in Autism; Gene Therapy, CRISPR, Follistatin

(41:05) Sponsors: AG1 & BetterHelp

(43:41) Stem Cells, Ethics, Yamanaka Factors, Human Stem Cell Models

(52:03) Umbilical Stem Cells; Stem Cell Injections & Dangers, Autistic Kids

(59:30) Organoids, Modeling Brain Development, Intrinsic Development Timer

(1:12:22) Assembloids, Brain Cell Migration & Circuit Formation, Self-Organization

(1:21:22) Four-Part Assembloid, Sensory Assembloid, Pain Conditions

(1:25:45) Sponsor: Function

(1:27:33) Future Medical Therapies, Cell Banking, Immortalize Tissues, Rejuvenate Cells

(1:34:56) Assembloids & Ethics, Importance of Nomenclature, Science Collaboration & Self-Correction

(1:45:38) Cell Transplantation & Ethics, Timing

(1:55:05) Genetic Testing for Parents, Genetic Penetrance

(2:02:36) Assembloids, Timothy Syndrome, Epilepsy, Schizophrenia, Dystonia

(2:14:30) Scientific Career, Walking, Art, Medical School

(2:20:44) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Essentials: Controlling Your Dopamine for Motivation, Focus & Satisfaction Aug 14, 2025

Show notes

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain how dopamine regulates motivation and provide science-based tools to help improve focus, discipline and overall drive.

I explore how particular activities affect dopamine levels and discuss how the highs, lows and baseline levels of dopamine shape your motivation and long-term satisfaction. I also explain practical strategies to boost dopamine levels, such as deliberate cold exposure, caffeine, effort-based rewards and specific supplements. Whether you're looking to enhance motivation for school, work or daily life, this episode explains how to get and stay motivated while supporting healthy dopamine levels.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman

Timestamps

(00:00) Dopamine & Drive

(00:33) Neuromodulators; Dopamine Effects, Parkinson’s Disease; Brain Circuits

(03:36) Motivation & Dopamine Levels

(04:55) Sponsors: AG1 & LMNT

(07:29) Subjective Experience & Dopamine, Activities that Increase Dopamine

(10:55) Dopamine Highs, Lows & Baseline; Evolutionary Context, Addiction

(16:16) Dopamine Reward Prediction Error, Tool: Intermittent Rewards

(18:16) Caffeine & Dopamine; Tool: Yerba Mate & Protecting Dopamine Neurons

(19:40) Sponsor: David

(20:53) Amphetamine, Cocaine & Challenges for Learning

(22:22) Tool: Increase Dopamine & Deliberate Cold Exposure

(25:06) Hard Work & Motivation, Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Rewards, Tool: Growth Mindset

(30:25) Sponsor: Function

(32:04) Experiences & Shifting Perception, Dopamine Balance

(33:17) Compounds to Increase Dopamine: Wellbutrin, L-Tyrosine, PEA, Alpha-GPC

(36:54) Social Connection; Recap & Key Takeaways

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

How to Rewire Your Brain & Learn Faster | Dr. Michael Kilgard Aug 11, 2025

Show notes

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Michael Kilgard, PhD, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Texas at Dallas and a leading expert on neuroplasticity and learning across the lifespan. We discuss the need for alertness, effortful focus, post-learning reflection and sleep to induce neuroplasticity, and how dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin and norepinephrine are each involved. He explains the behavioral steps for neuroplasticity, as well as vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and other therapies for tinnitus, stroke, depression, PTSD and paralysis. This episode ought to be of use to anyone interested in understanding the modern science of brain rewiring and learning to improve cognitive or motor skills or treat sensory or motor disorders.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Wealthfront*: https://wealthfront.com/huberman

*This experience may not be representative of the experience of other clients of Wealthfront, and there is no guarantee that all clients will have similar experiences. Cash Account is offered by Wealthfront Brokerage LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC. The Annual Percentage Yield (“APY”) on cash deposits as of December 27,‬ 2024, is representative, subject to change, and requires no minimum. Funds in the Cash Account are swept to partner banks where they earn the variable‭ APY. Promo terms and FDIC coverage conditions apply. Same-day withdrawal or instant payment transfers may be limited by destination institutions, daily transaction caps, and by participating entities such as Wells Fargo, the RTP® Network, and FedNow® Service. New Cash Account deposits are subject to a 2-4 day holding period before becoming available for transfer.

Timestamps

(00:00) Michael Kilgard

(03:24) Neuroplasticity

(05:13) Child vs Adult Plasticity, Childhood Development & Learning

(09:37) Sponsors: Eight Sleep & Wealthfront

(12:41) Kids, Real vs Artificial Experiences & Balance, Video Games, Natural World

(21:13) Social Media & Videos, Kids, Overstimulation & Development

(33:42) Early Language Development, Passive vs Real Experiences, Kids & Adults

(39:23) Sponsors: AG1 & Carbon

(42:44) Learning & Plasticity Requirements; Focus, Friction, Rest & Reflection

(52:24) Brain Connections, Complexity, Life Experiences & Plasticity

(1:02:51) Learning, Reflection, Visualization, Testing

(1:09:45) Experience Diversity & Time, Happiness, Life Appreciation

(1:18:05) Sponsor: Function

(1:19:53) Learning & Life Meaning

(1:23:25) Neuromodulators, Brain Complexity, Synaptic Eligibility Trace & Learning

(1:34:28) Synapses, Therapy for PTSD, Rewiring the Brain

(1:39:01) Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury, Tinnitus, PTSD

(1:47:33) Psychedelics, Neurostimulation, Importance of Timing

(1:57:47) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) & Major Depression

(2:01:51) Psychedelics/SSRIs as Plasticity Tools, SSRIs & Bone Strength, Failed Clinical Trials

(2:13:18) Can VNS Accelerate Learning?

(2:16:01) VNS Surgery, Patient Use & Specificity, Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation

(2:18:18) Tinnitus Cause, Incidence & Self-Amplification; PTSD & Control

(2:28:12) VNS for Tinnitus; Disease Complexity & Treatments, Lazy Eye

(2:41:05) Complexity of Disease Treatments & Combination Therapies

(2:48:50) Brain-Machine Interfaces, Information & Experiences; Closed-Loop Feedback; Resilience

(2:59:09) Evolving Clinical Trials, Combination Treatments & Disease Complexity

(3:05:21) Acknowledgements

(3:07:04) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Essentials: Increase Strength & Endurance with Cooling Protocols | Dr. Craig Heller Aug 07, 2025

Show notes

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Craig Heller, PhD, a professor of biology at Stanford University and a world expert on the science of temperature regulation.

We discuss how the body and brain regulate temperature in different conditions and why conventional cooling methods, such as placing ice packs on the neck, do not effectively reduce core body temperature. Dr. Heller explains why cooling glabrous skin areas—the palms, soles and upper face—efficiently releases body heat and can significantly enhance physical performance and endurance. We discuss how targeted palmar cooling improves both short-term performance and long-term training adaptation in aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Timestamps

(00:00) Craig Heller

(00:26) Deliberate Cold Exposure, Cold Showers, Ice Baths; Vasoconstriction

(02:26) Cold Shower vs Cold Immersion, Boundary Layer, Tool: Improve Aerobic Exercise Performance

(04:54) Anaerobic Exercise & Overheating, Muscle Failure, Muscle Fatigue

(07:19) Sponsor: Carbon

(09:06) Anaerobic Exercise, Cool Down with Ice Water or Cold Towel?

(11:28) Should You Cool Body/Head to Lower Body Temperature?, Hyperthermia, Heat Stroke

(15:17) Body Sites for Quick Cooling: Palms, Soles & Upper Face, Glabrous Surfaces

(17:48) Tool: Loosen Grip & Performance; Gloves & Socks

(19:21) Cooling Brain via Upper Face

(20:41) Sponsor: AG1

(22:05) Cooling Brain to Offset Concussion?

(23:01) Enhance Anaerobic Performance & Cooling Palms, Heat Loss

(26:17) Improve Aerobic Endurance & Cooling Palms

(27:11) CoolMitt; Ice Cold Is Too Cold

(30:11) Sponsor: Function

(31:44) Tool: Use Palmer Cooling to Enhance Performance; Cooling Palms, Soles & Face

(35:28) Acknowledgments

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

How to Control Your Cortisol & Overcome Burnout Aug 04, 2025

Show notes

In this episode, I explain cortisol and science-based protocols for properly setting your cortisol rhythm, which can significantly increase your daytime energy, focus, mood, and stress resilience, while also improving your sleep quality.

Most people mistakenly think cortisol is bad, and many assume their levels are too high, when in fact many health and performance challenges simply stem from a disrupted cortisol rhythm. Getting your cortisol rhythm right can be transformative for your health and performance.

I outline behavioral, nutritional, and supplement-based strategies to raise or lower your cortisol levels at the appropriate times of day and night. I also provide specific protocols for overcoming burnout.

If you’re dealing with stress, low energy, hormone or sleep challenges—or simply want to optimize these for the sake of your physical and mental health and performance—this episode offers science-backed protocols to help.

Read the the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman

David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman

Timestamps

(00:00) Cortisol

(1:29) Stress, Tool: Daily Cortisol Rhythm

(3:16) Cortisol & Directing Energy, Glucose, Adrenals

(6:39) Sponsors: Carbon & BetterHelp

(10:14) Daily Cortisol Phases & Rhythm, Waking Up & Cortisol

(17:55) Cortisol Release & Regulation, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

(24:57) Rapid & Delayed Stress Response, HPA Axis

(28:42) Bright Light & Cortisol Release, Tool: Increase Morning Cortisol & Sunlight

(36:58) Sponsors: AG1 & David

(39:48) Viewing Bright Light & Mood, Depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

(41:44) Increase Morning Cortisol, Tools: Hydration, Delaying Caffeine Intake

(49:30) Exercise, Entrainment Cues & Cortisol Rhythm, Tool: Boost Energy & Exercise Schedule

(57:52) Does Deliberate Cold Exposure Increase Cortisol?, Energy & Mood

(1:01:19) Sponsor: LMNT

(1:02:51) Increase Morning Cortisol & Nutrition, Grapefruit, Black Licorice

(1:11:34) Afternoon & Evening Cortisol Rhythms, Sunlight, Screens

(1:14:30) Lower Evening Cortisol, Tools: Dim Lights, Light Color

(1:20:54) Lower Evening Cortisol, Tools: Caffeine Timing; Stress Response & Exhales; Starchy Carbohydrates

(1:30:42) Low-Carb Diets & Cortisol, Metabolic Syndrome

(1:35:30) Evening Exercise & Cortisol, Tool: Spike Your Morning Cortisol

(1:44:32) Supplements to Reduce Cortisol, Ashwagandha, Apigenin, Magnesium

(1:50:57) Burnout, Cushing's & Addison's, 2 Burnout Patterns

(1:55:23) Early-Phase Burnout, Tools: NSDR/Yoga Nidra, Boost Morning Cortisol, Caffeine

(2:01:35) Late-Phase Burnout, Tools: Reduce Evening Cortisol

(2:08:02) Age, Male vs Females, Lifespan, Cancer; Menopause; Brain Health

(2:13:41) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Essentials: ADHD & How Anyone Can Improve Their Focus Jul 31, 2025

Show notes

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explore the biology and psychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and discuss both prescription and non-prescription treatment options.

I discuss the neural circuits involved in attention and concentration, emphasizing dopamine's role in regulating and coordinating focus. I explain how common prescription stimulants like Ritalin, Adderall, and Modafinil act on the brain to treat ADHD, and discuss non-drug approaches, including supplements and behavioral training to support focus. The episode offers tools and insights beneficial not only for those with ADHD but for anyone seeking to improve attention and focus.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman

Timestamps

00:00:00 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

00:01:10 ADHD Challenges, Attention, Impulsivity, Hyperfocus, Time Perception, Working Memory

00:05:22 Sponsor: Eight Sleep

00:07:03 Dopamine & Focus; Default Mode Network & Task Network

00:11:57 ADHD & Low-Dopamine Hypothesis, Stimulants, Sugar

00:16:15 ADHD Prescriptions, Ritalin, Adderall, Stimulants

00:18:05 Sponsor: Joovv

00:19:18 Children, Learning to Focus & ADHD Prescriptions

00:22:26 Attentional Blinks, Tool: Improve Focus, Open-Monitoring, Panoramic Vision

00:26:28 Blinking, Dopamine & Time Perception, Tool: Visual Focus Training

00:30:39 Sponsor: AG1

00:32:16 Ritalin, Adderall, Modafinil, Side Effects, Tapering

00:34:05 Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA & Attention Effects; Phosphatidylserine

00:36:01 Modafinil, Armodafinil

00:36:51 Acetylcholine, Alpha-GPC

00:38:55 L-Tyrosine, Dopamine, Preexisting Conditions & Caution

00:39:51 Smartphones & Focus, Tool: Limiting Smartphone Use

00:41:56 Recap & Key Takeaways

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Male vs. Female Brain Differences & How They Arise From Genes & Hormones | Dr. Nirao Shah Jul 28, 2025

Show notes

My guest is Dr. Nirao Shah, MD, PhD, a professor of psychiatry, behavioral sciences and neurobiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. We discuss how the brains of males and females differ and how those differences arise from different genes and hormones during fetal development, in childhood and adulthood. We discuss what drives male- versus female-specific behaviors and how hormonal fluctuations across the lifespan, including puberty, the menstrual cycle, menopause and aging – affect behavior, cognition and health. Additionally, we discuss how biology relates to gender identity and the impact of hormone therapies on brain circuits that regulate mating, parenting and social bonding.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

Thank you to our sponsors

Maui Nui: https://mauinuivenison.com/huberman

Timestamps

00:00:00 Nirao Shah

00:02:11 Mice, Humans & Brain, Biological Conservation

00:05:25 Hormones, Nature vs Nurture

00:07:13 Biological Sex Differences, Chromosomes & SRY Gene, Hormones

00:16:01 Sponsors: Maui Nui & Eight Sleep

00:19:09 Androgen Mutations, Feminization & Masculinization

00:22:04 SRY Gene; Animals & Sexual Trans-Differentiation

00:27:49 Hormones & Biological Brain Differentiation

00:31:22 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Androstenedione; Stress & Pregnancy

00:35:56 Genes, Brain Differentiation & Sexual Identity; Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

00:43:37 Testosterone, Estrogen & Brain Circuits

00:47:27 Sponsors: AG1 & LMNT

00:50:36 Intersex Individuals, Castration

00:52:23 Female Sexual Behavior, Brain, Testosterone & Pheromones

00:57:58 Identify as Heterosexual or Homosexual, Difference in Hormone Levels?

01:00:42 Gender, Sexual Orientation & Hormones; Hormone Replacement Therapy

01:10:21 Aromatization; Steroid Hormones & Gene Expression

01:15:00 Kids & Changing Gender Identity

01:19:05 Sexual Behavior, Refractory Period & Male Brain, Tacr1 Cells

01:21:31 Sponsor: Function

01:23:19 Hypothalamus, Dopamine, Prolactin, Cabergoline, Libido, Dopamine

01:27:05 Brain Circuits, Aggression & Sexual Behavior

01:32:40 Refractory Period; Age, Testosterone & Libido

01:36:07 Tacr1 Cells in Females, Periaqueductal Gray & Innate Behaviors

01:40:00 Parenting Behaviors & Brain Circuits; Pet Dogs

01:43:12 Oxytocin, Pair Bonding, Vasopressin; Biological Redundancy

01:47:22 Libido, Melanocortin, Tacr1 Neurons; GLP-1 Agonists, Clinical Trials; Kisspeptin

01:56:43 Female Brain Changes, Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy, Menopause; Estrogen; Men & Hormone Fluctuation?

02:04:10 Life Experience Male vs Female, Sex Recognition, Behaviors & Context

02:16:05 Pain Management; Endocrine Disrupters, Gender Identity

02:21:03 Future Projects

02:24:29 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter