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    Science

    Science Fictions

    A weekly podcast about the latest scientific controversies, with Tom Chivers and Stuart Ritchie

    sciencefictionspod.substack.com

    Advertise

    Copyright: © Tom Chivers and Stuart Ritchie

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    Latest Episodes:
    Episode 13: Football and dementia Oct 10, 2023
    Show notes

    We’ve all heard of football players (that’s “soccer players” for US listeners) tearing their hamstrings, spraining their ankles, and injuring their knees. But could all that heading of the football, whether or not it causes a concussion, be having a subtler but much more damaging long-term effect on the player’s brain?

    In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart—the latter of whom, as you’ll discover, is not a massive fan of sport in general—discuss research on whether playing the nation’s favourite sport might lead to dementia in later life. If it does, how does it happen? And is playing football worthwhile regardless?

    The Studies Show is sponsored by Works in Progress, an online magazine filled with longform essays on science, technology, and human progress. How do we encourage people to support economic growth? How did Mexico build its state in the 19th Century? And why did it take so long to develop a malaria vaccine? These are just some of the topics covered in the most recent issue.

    The Studies Show is also sponsored by the i, the UK’s smartest daily newspaper. It’s filled with exclusive reporting, comment, analysis, and so much more, and you can get a cut-price deal on digital subscriptions—which include full access to Stuart’s columns and his subscriber-only science newsletter—by following this special podcast link.

    Show Notes

    * University of Edinburgh profile page for Prof. Alan Carson, with links to his publications on concussion and sport and related topics

    * Scotland bans football players from heading the ball a day before and a day after a game

    * 2012 study on “neurodegenerative causes of death” among US NFL players

    * The FIELD study: 2019 study on causes of death among Scottish football players

    * Lothian Birth Cohort studies on how alcohol and job complexity relate to cognitive test scores in late life, before and after controlling for how smart someone was as a child

    * Does traumatic brain injury relate to more amyloid plaques and/or tau tangles in your brain? Example of a study that says yes; example of a study that says no

    * 2019 review of possible mechanisms for why brain injuries might lead to dementia

    * “The pig as a preclinical traumatic brain injury model”

    * The “3 Rs”, to Replace, Reduce, and Refine animal research

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Paid-only Episode 1: Diversity training Oct 03, 2023
    Show notes

    This is a free preview of a paid episode. To hear more, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com

    If you’ve ever done a diversity training session at work, you’ll almost certainly have learned about unconscious bias, microaggressions, stereotype threat, and trigger warnings. Prejudice, racism, and trauma are apparently simmering constantly, just under the surface of our conscious minds.

    It turns out that each of these concepts has been subject to a lot of scientific research. It also turns out, perhaps unsurprisingly, that they’re all extremely controversial. In this first paid-subscriber-only episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart look at each of them in turn and try to decide which of them—if any—stand up to scrutiny.

    To listen to the full version of this episode and see the show notes, you’ll need to be a paid subscriber to The Studies Show podcast on Substack. See below, or go to www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe, for the options.

    If you’re already a paid subscriber: thank you!


    Episode 12: Nuclear power Sep 26, 2023
    Show notes

    Nuclear power seems like exactly what we want: a reliable, low-carbon source of huge amounts of energy. So why does it produce less of our electricity per capita now than it did decades ago?

    A major reason: nuclear power suffers from very bad PR. In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart discuss the ever-present safety fears surrounding nuclear power, the problems of nuclear waste, and the reasons that nuclear power is so drastically expensive. How many people died in the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters, anyway? Could new reactor designs fix some of nuclear power’s problems? And is nuclear power so irredeemably unpopular that we should just give it up and move on to renewables?

    The Studies Show is sponsored by the i, the UK’s smartest daily newspaper. You can get a half-price deal on digital subscriptions to the whole paper, including full access to Stuart’s columns and his subscriber-only science newsletter, by following this special podcast link.

    The Studies Show is also sponsored by Works in Progress, an online magazine about science, technology, and human progress. The newest issue of Works in Progress is out now, with essays on topics like the discovery of the malaria vaccine and the surprising economics of copper.

    Show Notes

    * Fumio Kishida eats a Fukushima flounder; John Selwyn Gummer eats a British beef burger (with his daughter)

    * Graph showing the plateau in nuclear power generation

    * Hannah Ritchie on the safest sources of energy; review comparing health effects of different sources of electricity generation

    * Jack Devanney on plutonium in Works in Progress; and on why the “Linear No-Threshold” model is “nonsense”

    * Jason Crawford summary & review of Devanney’s book Why Nuclear Power Has Been a Flop

    * Article on the wildly-varying cancer and death numbers suggested for Chernobyl

    * UNSCEAR report; IAEA estimate of deaths; Alternative TORCH estimate; IARC estimate of cancers up to 2065

    * IAEA analysis of Fukushima water and comparison to normal levels of radiation

    * Report on deaths from the evacuation after the Tōhoku earthquake/tsunami

    * Tom’s article in the i on Fukushima and nuclear power’s PR problem

    * Article on spent fuels and waste from nuclear reactors

    * Summary of “breeder” and “burner” reactors

    * Hannah Ritchie on mining for low-carbon energy vs. mining for fossil fuels

    * Article on the pollution produced from lignite mines

    * Sceptical view of new nuclear plant technologies

    * Graph of solar panel prices dropping over time

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Episode 11: The AI apocalypse debate Sep 19, 2023
    Show notes

    Is artificial intelligence going to lead to the extinction of humanity? What would that even look like? Everyone’s got an opinion: mostly either “that sounds absolutely ridiculous” or “that sounds absolutely terrifying”.

    In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart do something slightly different. Stuart plays the role of an AI apocalypse sceptic, and grills Tom on all the arguments about the coming AI apocalypse. Happily, Tom has already written a whole book on the subject, so he knows all the answers.

    The Studies Show is sponsored by Works in Progress magazine, the best place to find insightful essays on science, technology, and human progress. There’s a new issue out right now! We’re very grateful for their support.

    Show notes

    * Tom’s book, The Rationalist’s Guide to the Galaxy

    * arXiv preprint on evolving AI

    * Katja Grace’s survey of AI researchers

    * Timothy B. Lee’s Substack post about why he’s not worried about the existential risk of AI

    * Nature editorial arguing that the AI revolution hasn’t yet helped chemistry

    * Nature editorial arguing that worrying about AI doomsday is a distraction

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Episode 10: Cash transfers Sep 12, 2023
    Show notes

    Thinking of giving money to charity? Maybe you should give to a charity that does cash transfers - that is, gives the money directly to low-income people with no or minimal strings attached. Many in the “effective altruism” movement, which aims to find the best ways to spend money to improve people’s lives, are big fans of cash transfers to people in developing countries.

    But lately, some blockbuster studies on cash transfers have come under heavy criticism. Does this cast doubt on the whole idea? In this episode, Tom and Stuart look at these new studies, and the evidence on cash transfers in general. How much do cash transfers really help when it comes to poverty, health, child development, and homelessness?

    The Studies Show is brought to you the i, the UK’s smartest daily newspaper. Right now you can get a half-price deal on digital subscriptions, including full access to Stuart’s columns and his weekly subscriber-only science newsletter, by following this special podcast link.

    The Studies Show is also sponsored by Works in Progress, an online magazine about science, technology, and human progress. There’s a new issue of Works in Progress out now, with essays on topics like vaccines, architecture, and the post-war Baby Boom.

    Show notes

    * Cost of a guide dog versus the cost of a cataract (or other sight-saving) operation

    * GiveWell’s page on cash transfers

    * Trial of GiveDirectly’s programme in Kenya; one of a programme in Uganda

    * 2016 systematic review on cash transfers from the Overseas Development Institute

    * 2019 systematic review of cash transfers on many different outcomes

    * Reviews and meta-analyses of the evidence on cash transfers for: HIV prevention; stunting; young people’s mental health; adolescent and adult mental health

    * Nature paper on cash transfers for preventing early mortality

    * Stuart’s critical article in the i

    * PNAS paper on cash transfers in the US on children’s brain development

    * Stuart’s critical article in the Atlantic

    * Andrew Gelman’s post on the study

    * The book Brainwashed: The Seductive Allure of Mindless Neuroscience

    * PNAS paper on cash transfers in Canada for homelessness, and its press release

    * Jon Baron’s critical thread

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Episode 9: The placebo effect Sep 05, 2023
    Show notes

    If you give someone a sugar pill but convince them it’s a real medicine, they might get better because of the power of belief. That’s the standard story, anyway.

    But as Tom and Stuart find in this episode, the more you dig into the science on placebo effects, the more you begin to doubt that the placebo effect is some innate bodily healing process that responds to beliefs. Instead, it might all just be due to mistakes and biases in the studies. Do we need to completely change the way we think about placebos?

    The Studies Show is sponsored by Works in Progress magazine, an online magazine full to the brim with the best writing on science, technology, and human progress. Read any of the essays in Works in Progress magazine and you’re guaranteed to come away with a new idea or a new understanding of how things work - we can’t recommend it highly enough.

    The Studies Show is also sponsored by the i, the UK’s smartest daily newspaper. Right now you can get a half-price deal on digital subscriptions, including full access to Stuart’s weekly subscriber-only science newsletter, by following this special podcast link.

    Show notes

    * “The Powerful Placebo” - the paper from 1955 that made the placebo effect famous

    * The 1965 study on placebo effects when participants know they’re getting a sugar pill

    * Bad Science column from 2008 on the power of the placebo effect, “the coolest strangest thing in medicine”

    * Review from 2017 on “open-label placebo” studies

    * 2018 review on mechanisms of how “placebos without deception” might work

    * Slate Star Codex article the 5-HTTLPR gene

    * New England Journal of Medicine review of the placebo effect from 2020

    * Response to the NEJM review by Dahly and Rafi

    * 2010 Cochrane review of “Placebo effects for all clinical conditions”

    * “The pervasive problem of placebos in psychology”

    * Review & meta-analysis of the placebo effect in studies on back pain

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Mea Culpa 1 Sep 02, 2023
    Show notes

    On The Studies Show, we’re all about trying to get it right. But sometimes we get it wrong. Every so often, we’ll do a feedback/corrections/clarifications episode where we go back and try to correct any errors in the last few episodes, and reply to your more general feedback.

    This is the first one of those, covering Episodes 1-8. Our thanks go to everyone who pointed out our mistakes. Please keep the feedback coming!

    Show notes

    * Retatrutide phase 2 trial; semaglutide vs. tirzepatide cost-effectiveness study

    * The IARC’s useful, detailed report on (e.g.) whether being a firefighter is a cancer risk; the FDA disagrees with the IARC on whether aspartame should be labelled as a “possible” cause of cancer

    * The newest published trial of psilocybin for depression

    * Stuart’s more recent article on ultra-processed foods, with discussion of mechanisms; Chris Snowdon’s two part review of Chris van Tulleken’s book; interview with Herman Pontzer on his book Burn

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Episode 8: Growth mindset Aug 29, 2023
    Show notes

    In any given school, you’re never more than 6ft away from a poster about “growth mindset”. It’s the massively-popular idea that if you believe that people can change, you’ll put more effort into a task (like studying) and end up doing better at it. On the other hand, if you have a “fixed mindset” and think talent is innate and unchangeable, you won’t put in the effort and you’ll fail to reach your potential.

    In this episode, Tom and Stuart talk about how the claims about the power of growth mindset have changed over the years, and explain the convoluted back-and-forth story of recent studies and reviews of the evidence. Do growth mindset interventions help kids get better grades? Is growth mindset even a thing? Take a listen to find out.

    The Studies Show is sponsored by Works in Progress magazine, an online magazine full to the brim with the best writing on science, technology, and human progress. Read any of the essays in Works in Progress magazine and you’re guaranteed to come away with a new idea or a new understanding of how things work - we can’t recommend it highly enough.

    Remember that you can subscribe to The Studies Show and get an email every time there’s a new episode - just enter your email address in the box below. We’d also love it if you’d consider becoming a paid subscriber and supporting the show - you can also do that below, and you’ll get access to the comments, ask-me-anything opportunities, and (soon) subscriber-only episodes:

    Show Notes

    * Tom’s 2017 article on growth mindset on BuzzFeed news

    * Stuart’s 2022 Substack article “How Growth Mindset Shrank” (including discussion of the various Middle East Peace Process studies)

    * The 2018 meta-analysis

    * The 2019 large-scale study of growth mindset in the classroom

    * Useful online tool to calculate and visualise effect sizes

    * “Does psychology have a conflict-of-interest problem?” - Tom’s 2019 Nature News article

    * The first 2023 meta-analysis (the more growth mindset-sceptical one)

    * The second 2023 meta-analysis (the more growth mindset-supporting one)

    * Critique of the first 2023 meta-analysis

    * Devastating response to the critique (and Brooke Macnamara’s thread on the same)

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Episode 7: The LK-99 superconductor, and other physics false dawns Aug 22, 2023
    Show notes

    If you were anywhere near social media at the start of August, you’ll have seen endless claims of a massive, world-changing breakthrough in physics: the LK-99 room-temperature superconductor.

    In this episode, Tom and Stuart—neither of them anything approaching a physicist, so caveat emptor—discuss what a superconductor is, why it would be exciting (or not) for it to work at room temperature, and ask why people online got so excited over claims that one had been discovered… when it actually hadn’t.

    The Studies Show is sponsored by the i, the UK’s best daily newspaper. You can find the latest deals—including a 50% off deal for digital subscriptions—at this link. Thanks to the i for their support!

    If you’re enjoying The Studies Show, then please consider becoming a subscriber. You can join as a free subscriber and get an email whenever we release an episode. If you join as a paid subscriber, you’ll be able to access some features like ask-me-anything chats with Tom and Stuart, and (soon) paid-only episodes. Either way, you can subscribe by typing your email address below:

    Show Notes

    * Video of the Meissner effect - the eerie levitation of superconducting materials

    * The initial LK-99 preprint on arXiv

    * Stuart’s article from the day LK-99 went viral

    * Statistical model that many thought proved LK-99 really was a room-temperature superconductor

    * Article in Nature News explaining why the LK-99 material might’ve seemed to have superconducting properties

    * Story on the retractions of work by another room-temperature superconductor researcher

    * Actually-exciting superconductor advance 1 (and replication); actually-exciting superconductor advance 2 (and replication)

    * Article on the Fleischmann & Pons “cold fusion” debacle

    * Story of the “faster-than-light neutrino” error

    * Plastic Fantastic, the book about the fraudulent semiconductor studies in the early 2000s

    * Article on “quantum computing’s reproducibility crisis” and the Majorana particle

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Episode 6: Ultra-processed foods Aug 15, 2023
    Show notes

    We’ve apparently found the culprit for the obesity epidemic, and it’s “ultra-processed foods”. They’re the plastic-wrapped, industrially-produced foods with long lists of ingredients that apparently make up 60% of the average UK diet.

    In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart tuck in to some “hyper-palatable” research on nutrition and health, discuss the main randomised trial in this area, and try (and immediately fail) to read out the whole definition of “ultra-processed foods” in one breath.

    The Studies Show is brought to you by the i, the UK’s best daily newspaper. You can find the latest deals for subscriptions—including a 50% off deal for digital subscriptions—at this link. Thanks to the i for their support!

    If you’re enjoying The Studies Show, then please consider becoming a subscriber. You can join as a free subscriber and get an email whenever we release an episode. If you join as a paid subscriber, you’ll be able to access some features like ask-me-anything chats with Tom and Stuart, and (soon) paid-only episodes. Either way, you can subscribe by typing your email address below:

    Show Notes

    * Chris van Tulleken’s Guardian article with a summary of the case against UPFs

    * The UN document giving all the details on the NOVA classification

    * Study rating people’s agreement on which foods are in which NOVA category

    * Stuart’s article on UPFs

    * Systematic review & meta-analysis on the UPF correlation with premature death

    * The NIH randomised controlled trial of UPFs versus unprocessed foods

    * Photos of the meals given in the experiment, from the study’s Appendix

    * Interesting Twitter discussion with the RCT’s lead author

    * Page with details on Stephan Guyenet’s book, The Hungry Brain

    Credits

    The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions.


    This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit sciencefictionspod.substack.com/subscribe

    Previous 1 12 13 14 15 Next

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