Lives of the Unconscious. A Podcast on Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy

Latest Episodes:

Episode 12: The architecture of personality. Structural disorders May 07, 2021

Show notes

Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: Not all depression is the same, nor all forms of anxiety. The very same symptom can have completely different meanings for different people and can require different therapeutic approaches. For classification, the so-called level of structural integration is often used in psychoanalysis. It offers information on the architecture and composition of the structure of the psyche, which can be built more or less sturdy. How are these structures specified? How does one recognize where a symptom is located in these psychic structures? And what does this mean for therapy?

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Literature Recommendations:

Erikson, Erik H. (1994). Identity and the Life Cycle. Norton & Company
Freud, Sigmund (1923). The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Volume XIX. Lon-don: Hogarth Press.
Kernberg, Otto (1989). A psychoanalytic classification of character patholo-gy. In R. F. Lax (Ed.) Essential papers in psychoanalysis. Essential papers on character neurosis and treatment (p. 191–210). New York University Press.
Kernberg, Otto, Michels, Robert (2009). Borderline Personality Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020263
Mentzos, Stavros: Lehrbuch der Psychodynamik: Die Funktion der Dys-funktionalität psychischer Störungen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttin-gen 2015.

Episode 11: “How one becomes what one is.” – On the False Self Apr 23, 2021

Show notes

Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: We all wear masks from time to time: at work, in front of our friends, sometimes even—or perhaps especially—within our family and in front of our partners. But there are people who find it difficult to ever take off this mask, who may not even know what their face would look like underneath. This episode deals with such questions of identity and the influential concept of the false self.

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Literature Recommendations:

Falkenström, F. (2003). A Buddhist contribution to the psychoanalytic psychology of self, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84,6, 1551—1568
Fattori, L. & Secchi, C. (2015) Existential crises in two religious patients: Vicissitudes of faith and the emergence of the true self, The Internation-al Journal of Psychoanalysis, 96,4, 993—1011
Glasser, M. (1985). 'The Weak Spot'—Some Observations on Male Sexuality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 66, 405—414
Goldberg, P. (2004). Fabricated bodies: A model for the somatic false self, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 85,4, 823—840
Lowen, A. (1984/2004). Narcissism: Denial of the true self. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Miller, A. (1979). The Drama of the Gifted Child. New York: Basic Books.
Orme, W., Bowersox, L., Vanwoerden, S., Fonagy, P., Sharp, C. (2019). The relation between epistemic trust and borderline pathology in an adolescent inpatient sample. bord personal disord emot dysregul 6, 13.
Schapiro, B.A. (1995). Literature and the Relational Self. New York: Uni-versity Press
Winnicott, D. W. (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self". The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York: International Universities Press, 140—157.

Episode 10: Fear and Anxiety Disorders Apr 09, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychological problems for which people seek out psychotherapy. At the same time, anxiety is a feeling that everyone knows and everyone has suffered from—some more, some less. But at what point does anxiety become an illness? This episode explores the question of how anxiety arises and how anxiety disorders can be understood from a psychoanalytic perspective.

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Literature Recommendations:

Bowlby, J. (1960): Separation Anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 89—113.
Busch, F., Milrod, B. L., & Shear, K. (2010): Psychodynamic concepts of anxiety. In D. J. Stein, E. Hollander, & B. O. Rothbaum (Eds.), Text-book of anxiety disorders (p. 117–128). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Busch F., Milrod B.L., Singer M.B. (1999): Theory and technique in psy-chodynamic treatment of panic disorder. J Psychother Pract Res. 8,3,234—42.
Freud, S. (1909/1955): Analysis of a phobia in a five year old boy. Standard Edition, 103—147. London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1926/1959): Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. Standard Edi-tion, 77—174. London: Hogarth Press.
Mawson, C. (2019): Psychoanalysis and Anxiety: From Knowing to Being. London: Routledge.
Rangell, L. (1968): A further attempt to resolve the "problem of anxiety." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 16,3, 371–404.
Sable, P. (1994). Separation anxiety, attachment and agoraphobia. Clinical Social Work, 22, 369–383
Slavin-Mulford, J & Hilsenroth, M. (2012). Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Treatments for Anxiety Disorders: A Review. Psychodynamic Psycho-therapy Research, 117—137.
Winnicott, D.W. (1952). Anxiety associated with insecurity. In :Collected papers: Through paediatrics to psycho-analysis. London: Tavistock.

Episode 9: Theater of Minds—On Dramaturgic Awareness Apr 02, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: The world is a stage—the couch too? So many scenes, sometimes even true dramas, play out in our minds. In everyday life we slip into the most diverse roles; the two protagonists we call patient and therapist are no exception. This episode deals with how, within the therapeutic setting, our unconscious sets the stage for these roles and how psychoanalysts understand these situations.

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Literature Recommendations:

Hoppe, K. D. (1977). Destruction-Reconstruction of Language and Forms of Interaction: Clinical Aspects of Lorenzer's Concepts. In Contemporary Psychoanalysis13: 52-63
Joseph, B. (1985). Transference: the total situation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 66, 447—454.
Lorenzer, A. & Orban, P. (1978). Transitional Objects and Phenomena: Socialisation and Symbolisation. In Between Reality and Phantasy. Eds. S. A. Grolnick & L. Barkin. London: Jason Aronson, ch. 28, pp. 469—482
Vollstedt, T. (2013). The work of Alfred Lorenzer. The other scene: Psychoanalysis and its applications.

Links:

Comment on the translation of "Szenisches Verstehen (scenical comprehension)"

Episode 8: Is Psychoanalysis Effective? Mar 26, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: Is there evidence for the effectiveness of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic-based therapy methods? For which forms of illness is it suitable? In this episode we present significant findings from research on psychoanalytic psychotherapy and address the question of whether the effectiveness of psychoanalysis is scientifically proven.

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Essays on the methodology of psychotherapy research:

Leichsenring, F (2004). Randomized controlled vs. naturalistic studies. A research agenda. Bull Menninger Clin; 68, 115-129.
Dalal, F (2018). The Cognitive Behavioural Tsunami: The Cognitive Behavioural Tsunami: Managerialism, Politics and the Corruptions of Science. London: Routledge.
Shean, G (2014). Limitations of Randomized Control Designs in Psychotherapy Research. Advances in Psychiatry, Article ID 561452.

Reviews and meta-analyses on psychodynamic therapies:

Abbass, A. A., Rabung, S., Leichsenring, F., Refseth, J. S. & Midgley, N. (2013). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of short-term psychodynamic models. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52, 863-875.
Cristea, I. A., Gentili, C., Cotet, C. D., Palomba, D., Barbui, C. & Cuijpers, P. (2017). Efficacy of Psychotherapies for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 319-328.
Crits-Cristoph, P., Barber, J. P. (2000). Long-term psychotherapy. In: Snyder, , C. R., Ingram, R. E. (Eds) Handbook of psychological change. John Wiley, New York, 455 – 473
de Maat, S., de Jonghe, F., de Kraker, R., Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A., Luyten, P., Barber, J. P., Rien, V. & Dekker, J. (2013). The current state of the empirical evidence for psychoanalysis: a meta-analytic approach. Harv Rev Psychiatry 21, 107-137.
de Maat, S., Philipszoon, F., Schoevers, R., Dekker, J., de Jonghe, F. (2007). Costs and benefits of long-termin psychoanalytic therapy: changes in health care use and work impairment. Harvard Rev Psychiatry, 15 (6), 289-300.
Fonagy, P. (2015). The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies: An update. World Psychiatry 14, 137-150.
Leichsenring, F. (2005): Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective?: A review of empirical data. In: The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. Vol. 86, 3, 841–868.
Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A., Luyten, P., Hilsenroth, M. & Rabung, S. (2013). The emerging evidence for long-term psychodynamic therapy. Psychodyn Psychiatry 41, 361-384.
Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Am Psychol 65, 98-109.
Woll, C., Schönbrodt, F. (2019). A Series of Meta-Analytic Tests of the Efficacy of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. European Psychologist 2020, 25, 51—72

Selected studies

Ablon, J. S., & Jones, E. E. (1998). How expert clinicians' prototypes of an ideal treatment correlate with outcome in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavior therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 8(1), 71–83.
Ablon, J. S. & Jones, E. E. (2002). Validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy: findings from the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Am J Psychiatry 159, 775-783.
Benecke, C., Huber, D., Staats, H., Zimmermann, J., Henkel, M., Deserno, H., Wiegand-Grefe, S. & Schauenburg, H. (2016). A Comparison of Psychoanalytic Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety (Panic/Agoraphobia) and Personality Disorders (APD Study): Presentation of the RCT Study Design. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 62, 252-269.
Beutel, M., Bahrke, U., Fiedler, G., Hautzinger, M., Kallenbach, L., Kaufhold, J., Keller, W., Negele, A., Rüger, B., Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Ernst, M. (2016). LAC-Depressionsstudie: Psychoanalytische und kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Langzeittherapien bei chronischer Depression.
Delgado, S.V., Strawn, J.R., Pedapadi E.V. (2015). Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescence. Integrating Intersubjectivity and Neuroscience. Heidelberg: Springer.
Fonagy, P., Rost, F., Carlyle, J. A., McPherson, S., Thomas, R., Pasco Fearon, R. M., Goldberg, D. & Taylor, D. (2015). Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry 14, 312-321.
Fonagy, P., Lemma, A., Target, M., O´Keeffe, S. (2020). Dynamic interpersonal therapy for moderate to severe depression: a pilot randomized controlled and feasibility trial. Psychological Medicine, 50, 6, 1010—1019.
Huber, D., Zimmermann, J., Henrich, G. & Klug, G. (2012). Comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy with psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy for depressed patients - a three-year follow-up study. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 58, 299-316.
Knekt P, Laaksonen MA, Raitasalo R et al. Changes in lifestylefor psychiatric patients three years after the start of short- andlong-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy. Eur Psychiatry 2010;25:1-7.87.
Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA. Review: long term psychodynamic psychotherapy improves outcomes in people withcomplex mental disorders. Evid Based Ment Health 2009;12:56.88.
Knekt P, Lindfors O, Harkanen T et al. Randomized trial on theeffectiveness of long- and short-term psychodynamic psycho-therapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptomsduring a 3-year follow-up. Psychol Med 2008;38:689-703.89.
Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA et al. Quasi-experimentalstudy on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, long-term andshort-term psychotherapy on psychiatric symptoms, work abilityand functional capacity during a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Dis-ord 2011;132:37-47.
Lampe A, Mitmansgruber H, Gast U, Schüssler G, Reddemann L. (2008) Treatment outcome of psychodynamic trauma therapy in an inpatient setting. Neuropsychiatr.22(3):189‐197.
Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M. E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., Huesing, J., Joraschky, P., Nolting, B., Poehlmann, K., Ritter, V., Stangier, U., Strauss, B., Tefikow, S., Teismann, T., Willutzki, U., Wiltink, J. & Leibing, E. (2014). Long-term outcome of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 171, 1074-1082.
Leuzinger-Bohleber M, Hautzinger M, Fiedler G, Keller W, Bahrke U, Kallenbach L et al (2019c) Outcome of psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioural long-term therapy with chronically depressed patients: a controlled trial with preferential and randomized allocation. Can J Psychiatry 64(1):47–58
Nyhuis, P. W., Niederhofer, E., Scherbaum, N., Schifano, F., Bonnet, U., Dembski, N., Niederhofer, A., Specka, M. & Tenbergen, M. (2018). Effectiveness of Psychoanalytic-Interactional Group Therapy vs. Behavioral Group Therapy in Routine Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol-Dependent Patients. Subst Use Misuse 53, 426-431.
Rabung, S., Leichsenring, F. (2016). Evidenz für psychodynamische Langzeittherapie. Überblick über vorliegende Reviews. Psychotherapeut, 61, 441–446.
Sandell, R., Blomberg, J. & Lazar, A. (1997) When reality doesn’t fit the blueprint:Doing research on psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy in a public healthservice program.Psychotherapy Research7: 333 – 344
Sandell, R., Blomberg, J. & Lazar, A. et al. (2001) Unterschiedliche Langzeitergebnissevon Psychoanalysen und Psychotherapien.Aus der Forschung des Stockholmer Projekt.Psyche, 55, 277– 310
Sachsse, U., Vogel, C., Leichsenring, F. (2006). Results of psychodynamically oriented trauma–focused inpatient treatment for women with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic: Vol. 70, June, pp. 125-144.
Salzer, S., Leibing, E., Jakobsen, T., Rudolf, G., Brockmann, J., Eckert, J., Huber, D., Klug, G., Henrich, G., Grande, T., Keller, W., Kreische, R., Biskup, J., Staats, H., Warwas, J. & Leichsenring, F. (2010). Patterns of interpersonal problems and their improvement in depressive and anxious patients treated with psychoanalytic therapy. Bull Menninger Clin 74, 283-300.
Smit, Y., Huibers, M. J., Ioannidis, J. P., van Dyck, R., van Tilburg, W. & Arntz, A. (2012). The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 32, 81-92.
Solms, M. (2015). The feeling Brain. Karnac Books: London.
Steinert, C, Munder, T, Rabung, S, Hoyer, J & Leichsenring, F (2017). Psychodynamic therapy: as efficacious as other empirically supported treatments? A meta-analysis testing equivalence of outcomes. Amircan Journal of Psychiatry, 174 (10), 943—953.
Zimmermann, J., Loffler-Stastka, H., Huber, D., Klug, G., Alhabbo, S., Bock, A. & Benecke, C. (2015). Is It All about the Higher Dose? Why Psychoanalytic Therapy Is an Effective Treatment for Major Depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 22, 469-487.

Episode 7: Is Psychoanalysis Scientific? Mar 18, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: Psychoanalysis is an exotic resident in the house of science. A wide variety of disciplines have borrowed from it, from neuroscience to the social sciences, to art and literature. At the same time, it has often been confronted with the accusation of being unscientific. We will dedicate two episodes of our podcast to just this question. In the first episode, we look at the scientific status of psychoanalysis.

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Literature Recommendations:

Albani, C. & Blaser, G. & Jacobs, U. & Jones, E. & Geyer, Michael & Kächele, Horst. (2000). The 'Psychotherapy Process Q-Sort' method. 48. 151–171. -Benjamin, J. (1998). Shadow of the Other: Intersubjectivity and Gender in Psychoanalysis. Routledge: London
Bereswill, M., Morgenroth, C., & Redman, P. (2010). Alfred Lorenzer and the depth-hermeneutis method. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 15(3), 221–250.
Cartwright, Duncan. (2004). The Psychoanalytic Research Interview: Pre-liminary Suggestions. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Associa-tion. 52. 209–42.
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Target, M. Psychoanalytic Constructs and At-tachment Theory and Research (2008). In: Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P.: Handbook of Attachment, 783–810. New York: Guilford.
Frogett, L., & Hollway, W. (2010). Psychosocial research analysis and scenic understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 15(3), 281–301.
Hollway, W., & Frogett, L. (2012). Researching in-between subjective ex-perience and reality. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 13.
Huang, H.Y. & Kirsner, D. (2020) The History of Psychoanalysis in China, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 40:1, 3-15.
Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Fischmann, T. (2006). What is conceptual re-search in psychoanalysis? The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 1355-86.
Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Kächele, H. (2015). An open door review of outcome and process studies in psychoanalysis. ODR III (3. Ed.). Lon-don: International Psychoanalytical Association.
Lilliengren, P. (2019). Comprehensive compilation of randomized con-trolled trials (RCTs) involving psychodynamic treatments and interven-tions, Stockholm.
Olesen, S. & Weber, K (2012). Socialization, Language, and Scenic Under-standing. Alfred Lorenzer's Contribution to a Psycho-societal Method-ology. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 22.
Sandler, A.M & Davies, R. (2001). Clinical and Observational Psychoana-lytic Research: Roots of a Controversy. Madison, CT: International Uni-versities Press, 2001.
Seidler, B. N. (2019). Who Sez Psychoanalysis Ain't Got No Empirical Research to Back Up Its Claims: An Extensive Bibliographic Compen-dium of Studies. JASPER International: Journal for the Advancement of Scientific Psychodynamic Empirical Research: Spurring Research For-ward, 2(1), 63 – 103.
Shedler, J (2010). The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Therapy. American Psy-chologist, 65, 98–109.
Solms, M (2018). The Feeling Brain: Selected Papers on Neuropsychoanalysis. London: Routledge.
Wallerstein, R.S. (2009) What kind of research in psychoanalytic science? The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 1, 109-133.

Episode 6: Mentalization. Or: "I am what I think you think I am." Mar 12, 2021

Show notes

Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: Everyone has probably wondered to themselves: "Why did I just do that?" or even, "Why did my partner actually behave like that?" The ability to relate and interpret one's own actions and behavior, and that of another person, to mental states is called the ability to mentalize. In some people it is well developed, while in others it is rather fragile, as is often the case, for example, with so-called "borderline personality disorders". This episode deals with how we develop the ability to mentalize and what the consequences are when we fail to mentalize.

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Literature Recommendations:

Allen, J. G. & Fonagy, Peter (2007). Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Sussex.
Berger, S., Jurist, E., Slade A. (2008): Mind to Mind: Infant Research, Neu-roscience, and Psychoanalysis: Mentalization, Internalization, and Repre-sentation. Other Press.
Charles Cooley (1927). Life and the Student: Roadside Notes on Human Nature, Society, and Letters.
Fonagy, P., Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 679–700. Cambridge University Press.
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.
Fonagy, P., Target, M. (2006). The Mentalization-Focused Approach to self pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 544–576
Fonagy, P., Allison, E. (2011). What is Mentalization? The Concept and its Foundations in Developmental Research and Social-Cognitive Neuroscience.
Fonagy, P; Allison, P (2014). The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy. 51 (3): 372–380.
Fonagy, P; Luyten, P (2018). Attachment, mentalization, and the self. Chapter 7. In: Livesley, WJ and Larstone, R, (eds.) Handbook of person-ality disorders. Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA.

Episode 5: Attachment—Such stuff as souls are made on Mar 05, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: What constitutes our inner mental life is in large part based on our early relationship experiences. This principle of psychoanalytic thinking becomes particularly clear in the concept of attachment. Attachment describes the existential experience of emotional resonance and reassurance in relationships—or its fateful absence.

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Literature Recommendations:

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. London, UK: Tavistock/Routledge.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Lon-don: Tavistock.
Brisch, K (2012). Treating Attachment Disorders, Second Edition: From Theory to Therapy. New York: Guilford.
Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P.R. (2018). Handbook of Attachment. Third Edi-tion. Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York: Guilford.
Crittenden, P.M. (2008). Raising Parents: Attachment, Parenting and Child Safety. London: Routledge.
Fonagy, P. & Target, M. (2007). The Rooting of the Mind in the Body: New Links Between Attachment Theory and Psychoanalytic Thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 55(2):411-56.
Fonagy P, Luyten P. A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psy-chopathol. 2009 Fall;21(4):1355-81.
Gerin, M.I., Hanson, E., Viding, E., McCrory, E.J. (2019). A review of childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the brain: implications for clinical practice and prevention. Adoption and Fostering, 43 (3), 310–28.
Grossmann, K.E. und Grossmann, Karin (2020). Universal and culturally specific aspects of sensitive responsiveness to young children. Attachment & Human Development, Published online: 29 Mar 2018
Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K.E., Kindler, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2008). A wider view of attachment and exploration: The influence of mothers and fathers on the development of psychological security from infancy to young adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. 2nd Ed., Chapter 36 (pp. 857-879). New York: Guilford Press.
Main M, Cassidy J (1988). "Categories of response to reunion with the par-ent at age 6". Developmental Psychology. 24 (3): 415–426.
Solomon, J. & George, C. (1999). Attachment Disorganization. New York: Guilford.
Teicher, M. H. (2000): Wounds that time won't heal: The neurobiology of child abuse. Cerebrum, 4, 50-67.

Episode 4: “Two souls alas! are dwelling in my breast”—Psychic Conflicts Feb 26, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: "Should I really do it—or should I rather not?" In many situations, we are at odds with ourselves, want to have our cake and eat it too, or are two minds—or even more?—about something. Conflicts determine our coexistence with other people, but also our inner mental life. The subject of this episode is: why conflicts are the key to understanding psychological suffering, but also to psychological development.

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Literature Recommendations:

Freud, S. (1930/2002): Civilization and Its Discontents. London: Penguin.
Christian, C., Eagle, M.N., Wolitzky D.L. (2015). Psychoanalytic Perspec-tives on Conflict: A Critical Reassessment. London: Routledge.
Cierpka M., Grande T., Rudolf G., von der Tann M., Stasch M. (2007): The Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics System: Clinical Rele-vance, Reliability and Validity. Psychopathology, 40, 209–220
Dunn J. (1993): Psychic conflict and the external world in Freud's theory of the instinctual drives in light of his adherence to Darwin. Int J Psycho-anal., 74 (2), 231-40.
Erikson, E.H. (1959/1994). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York (NY): Norton & Company
Lemma, A. (2015). Introduction to the Practice of Psychoanalytic Psycho-therapy. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Blackwell.
Levine, D.A. (2017). Psychoanalysis, Society, and the Inner World: Em-bedded Meaning in Politics and Social Conflict. London: Routledge.
Meltzer, D., Williams, M.H. (2018). The Apprehension of Beauty: The Role of Aesthetic Conflict in Development, Art and Violence. London: Karnac.
Papiasvili, E.D. (1995). Conflict in psychoanalysis and in life, International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 4:4, 215-221

Episode 3: Repression Feb 14, 2021

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Lives of the Unconscious

Summary: "That’s something that I’ve done? I don’t to remember that at all!" The word repression has made a career for itself: even in our everyday language we speak of repressed feelings and memories. But what is it really all about? Is it true that one can really completely repress basic experiences? What role does repression play in our mental life and in therapy? This episode digs into the dark chambers of the psyche.

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Donation via Paypal

Literature Recommendations:

Akhtar, S. (2020). Repression: A Critical Assessment and Update of Freud’s 1915 Paper. Am J Psychoanal 80, 241–258.
Billig, M. (1999). Freudian repression: Conversation creating the unconscious. Camebridge: Camebridge U.P.
Bion, W. R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 40, 308–315.
Boag, S. (2011). Freudian Repression, the Unconscious, and the Dynamics of Inhibition. London: Routledge.
Cohen, J., & Kinston, W. (1984). Repression theory: A new look at the cornerstone. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 65, 411–422.
Freud, S. (1915). Repression. Standard Edition (V 14, 141–158). London: Hogarth.
Garssen, B. (2007). Repression: Finding Our Way in the Maze of Concepts. J Behav Med, 30, 6, 471–481.
Kinston, W., & Cohen, J. (1986). Primal repression: Clinical and theoretical aspects. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 67, 337–353
Sandler J., Sandler AM. (1994) The past unconscious and the present unconscious. A contribution to a technical frame of reference. Psychoanal Study Child. 49, 278–92.

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