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    Latest Episodes:
    Science Historian — George Dyson Jan 11, 2024
    Show notes

    I got to know George Dyson 23 years ago. When we started Blue Origin, one of the really cool and unusual things that happened is we hired a historian. We hired George to be there at the beginning and kind of see where this all began. We thought – not just because of hubris – we thought it was such a unique moment in history, to be able to try and make a go at going to space. George had us print shit out and stick it in a box. He said one of the big problems for historians is these days everything’s digital and just floats away and disappears and nobody has access to it. We’re losing this historical record, and I thought that was so interesting.

    The truth is, George is just one of the most delightful people I know. He’s a wonderful human who has lived an absurdly unique life. An intense sense of humility, an intellect that I think is just world-class even though he opted not to take the route of building all the credentials. I learn a lot hanging out with George. As I’m sure most people know, he’s the son of the famous physicist Freeman Dyson. And Freeman died about a year before we recorded this at age 99. Freeman was a wonderful human with an expansive mind that contributed to so many different areas in physics. A lot of the ideas that we are still trying to figure out how to do in the universe, came from Freeman.

    And so George grew up, obviously with Freeman, but at a time when Freeman was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, with other luminaries in science. With John Von Neumann, with Einstein around, and so it made for George into a pretty unique guy.

    I’m just thrilled to finally share him with you. We recorded this at his Tavern in Bellingham, Washington. George Lived in a tree house in his twenties, barefoot. We talk about that a little bit, but then he ended up taking the earnings from his first book and buying this old Tavern in Bellingham. It still is still serves as his workshop. We recorded there and as you’ll hear, it’s by the train tracks and we get a lot of noise from the train tracks. I apologize for any audio issues. I really screwed up the audio and we did everything we could to try and clean it up and make it good for you.

    Important Links:

    • Darwin Among the Machines
    • Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship
    • Turing’s Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe
    • Analogia: The Emergence of Technology Beyond Programmable Control
    • The Starship and the Canoe
    • Biographical Memoir of Freeman Dyson by the Royal Society
    Recorded on January 9, 2021

    The post Science Historian — George Dyson appeared first on .


    Smart Traffic Lights – ØF Jan 08, 2024
    Show notes

    Here’s the dumbest thing in the world. You pull up to an intersection, the light is red, there’s no one else in sight and you have to sit there and wait for it to turn green. Traffic lights are the dumbest thing in the world. And this is insufferable because right now, if you, if you’re in a Tesla, the Tesla knows, Oh, no one’s coming from any other direction. It would totally be safe to go, but you can’t because the light is red. I think what somebody needs to do is rip the guts out of a Tesla, mount them in a traffic light and let the traffic light decide when it should be green or red. How hard is this? This is easy to do. it’s going to take years to upgrade traffic lights, but that’s at least one startup. Somebody should be able to do that. We have all the tech, it’s not that hard. We can use vision or radars or whatever. Ash: You’re not gonna believe me. So, funny enough, uh, Columbus, Ohio. Project, Pre- Razorfish, Traffic Lights. Pablos: Wait, that’s a real, that’s a real project? Ash: It’s a real thing! It’s a real Pablos: Wait, so somebody did this in Columbus? Ash: No, us! Pablos: Oh, you did this? Ash: is what we were doing! Pablos: Wait, Ash: You couldn’t have possibly known that! Pablos: No, I didn’t. No, seriously, you, you, you worked on a project like this. I didn’t know. Ash: I mean, yeah, so, yeah, so what was interesting is that project was, so I keep hired to figure out traffic light optimization and it’s, you know, it’s really, really fucking complicated. Like there’s a lot of math to, to make sure that, you know, you know, like that. To get people going in one direction and all that stuff and, that problem was being solved. And one of them was, do you start going flashy? Back then they didn’t have the little Tesla thing. Right. Pablos: What year was this? Ash: Do you start flashing? It’s gotta be like 1995, 1996. How do you, how do you optimize the sequence of lights so that, the traffic keeps flowing? What do you do with intercepts? And then Palle, this is even, this is even better. So Palle Peterson, like my partner, Palle’s dad was a crazy, mad genius inventor, he was in the Western part of, of Denmark. He wasn’t even in like regular Denmark. There’s like an Island that they kept him on. He had convinced them that when ambulances go, that they could start to change the lights faster, like emergency services. Of course he had the hack, but so you would just click the lights to green. Pablos: Cause he had one of those transmitters that the ambulances have? Ash: First he invented it. Pablos: Yeah, I had, the MERT. Oh, that thing. I bought one of those and put it in my car, where I was in Seattle at the time, it only worked on the emergency corridors, only on certain roads where they had, where the ambulances knew, and I didn’t know were set up for that. It’s like an infrared transmitter you put in your car and it sends infrared signal to like a TV remote to the, traffic light and they change. I could smoke it around town on certain streets. So you’re saying this guy invented the thing? Ash: Yeah, he invented, whatever the original one. I remember Palle telling me stories like, “dad had designed this thing” and then he convince them that they should all use it and then of course, like, ” I have back door.” So Columbus, the biggest problem they had was, they just had traffic lights, like each section was on its own. It didn’t live in like a, a grid or it didn’t have any understanding. So the ripple effects were just fucking out of control. For example, you could have a place where you’re sitting there with a red light and then there’s no one around you.. then you could have another place where, because it was doing its own thing, you could just be in stop and go, it would just create its own eddies of, of hell. Pablos: Yeah, it feels like that still exists. Ash: It does because what the problem is, is that no one is running enough, you know, computational fluid dynamics, I mean, that’s the problem. Pablos: You’d do a simulation now. Ash: You would, and that’s, and, and, and the horsepower gets better now, right? We have more flops to like mess around with this stuff. But the problem is that we, we still haven’t figured out how to do your thing, which is now what happens when you build the emergency corridor. What happens if you’re like, all right, so the Tesla says no one’s coming from any side, but. You go through. Are you like a leaky pipe? Go back to like traffic theory, and pipe theory. One of the things that you have is that when you got a pipe, everyone thinks that, let’s, let’s call it. , the 405, let’s call the pipe, 405. What’s the best way to set up the 405, in terms of traffic, is it better to have six lanes, or is it better to have two sets of three lanes and a shoulder or two shoulders and it turns out, that the eddies are the problem. So,, we get these lame attempts of traffic light, traffic flow regulator, right? We have to go into the. Highway. So I was just thinking that when you, when you started talking about traffic lights, I was thinking problem is in theory, it sounds amazing, but the problem is when you’re inside a mesh. Pablos: So you need active feedback loops into whatever the thing is that’s running the simulations, right? Because you need to say, “okay, this guy wants to change the light to green because there’s no traffic around. We can give him 30 seconds to do that and then go back without messing up the synchronization.” Or, all this could get a lot more sophisticated. Ash: No, exactly. But I think that’s the key. Right. So I think it’s more like, can you get a brain that’s dynamic, and right now the brain is not. Pablos: I presume there’s not much of a brain and it’s not a very advanced area, Ash: It’s a non dynamic brain. Pablos: One cloud SaaS company could be making the brain for traffic and sell it to every city. Another company could be making the, Tesla traffic light that just knows how to see if there’s any cars around. Ash: That’s security problem, Pablos: Why is that? Oh, if it’s centralized, you mean? Ash: There’s a quote from a person that let’s just say I met. An agency called RAW. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing) RAW is fantastic. That said, yeah, what happens when 2 minutes before an invasion, all lights go red? An invasion or attack or whatever, all lights go red. Pablos: I don’t know, This is one of these old People have been saying, what if hackers shut down the traffic lights for, decades, and the only time it ever happened meaningfully was in the fucking movies. So, I, I don’t buy it. If all the lights go red, then people just start going the way they do in Southeast asia. Ash: Then, and suddenly we’re like in Beirut. Pablos: I kind of think that’s how they should do it anyway. I was driving in Riyadh a couple of weeks ago, in Riyadh, the lines are painted, but they’re irrelevant. Yeah. It’s a free for all. And what I realized is that it’s actually kind of better because, in the U. S. everybody’s been coddled. They got lanes for this and that, they got the turbo or not turbo lane, I wish. They have a handicap lane and HOV lane and, bus lane, all these different lanes. And then, you got to be a lawyer to read the parking signs. So everyone’s being coddled all the time. You could probably drive with your eyes closed in a lot of American cities because, everybody’s following the rules. But if someone goes out of bounds, then they’re going to cause a real problem. If you’re in Riyadh, everybody’s driving at maximum speed all the time. There are no lanes. People are swerving all the time. You got to be on the ball. You couldn’t hit somebody if you were trying. If you literally tried to hit somebody with your car, they would evade you because they’re all doing evasive driving all the time. Ash: It’s, it’s all, it’s all offensive driving. Pablos: It’s all offensive. I’d like to, I’d like to see the numbers. I don’t know if we have good data on safety. It’s Ash: interesting. So we were in Vietnam, and you go to Vietnam and it’s a sea of random mopeds. Sometimes, you have the one person in the moped, the best is when you have at least five, right? The whole family. On the moped, you have mother, father, two kids. Then the baby kind of like strapped on like a, koala bear something. That’s, that’s when, you know, it’s, it’s, it’s getting crazy. And what they were saying, it’s like, yeah, “you’re not going to get hit. Walk across the road.” I was like, “what do you mean?” “Just walk across the road.” And it’s like, it’s like you walk across. They said “we operate in a stream.” They flow around you. Pablos: Nobody wants to hit you either. Ash: Yeah, but it is also a bit slow motion.. So there is a little bit more like speed. Pablos: A few days ago, I was in Shenzhen. They have, an absurd number of electric scooters. Because they’ve outlawed gas scooters. So everything is electric scooters. You ride them on the sidewalk. So it feels a little sketchy because there’s a lot of fast moving electric scooters and not, they’re not like little Bird scooters. They look like, Honda scooters or something. They’re big, but the whole town, it’s kind of clean and quiet in that sense. Overall they still have work to do, but the scooters are mellow. It’s all quiet. It’s, it’s busy. There’s a lot of people, but it’s not noisy because today, now I’m in Bangkok and in Bangkok it’s, they got all the gas scooters that China was getting rid of. And so they’re just going full tilt on these, gas scooters with no muffler, no, no catalytic converter, nothing. And it’s just noisy as hell. It’s crazy. And I don’t know. I kind of like it. I like the entropy. Ash: I do have to say that I, if you look at it, Vietnam felt the safest. Specifically Ho Chi Minh Saigon, it was the safest of the crazy, So that, that, that felt good. I mean, Beirut was just a whole different story. Like Beirut, it definitely, and I think it was my CTO who at the time was driving me around and I was like, yeah, I’m pretty sure Antoine, this is the oncoming traffic. He goes, “yeah, that’s why there’s no one going the same way as us.” Like, “because they’re coming at us,” it was like, his logic was flawless. Right. So at that moment, I was sort of like, it’s true. We don’t have anyone going the same way as us. Cause we’re in the fucking oncoming traffic lane. He had made the fourth lane, which was go at, like, it worked, so I don’t know what to say. Yeah, I mean, they went, they went beyond lanes, the lanes were just like like you said, they’re, they’re paint on the road there. All right. So that was traffic lights for, for the last 30 minutes. Pablos: Obviously traffic lights aren’t going to work there. Okay. I have another idea, which is related. So, the fleet of deployed Teslas is massive, like in most U. S. cities anyway, maybe other places. And Teslas are driving around all the time. And they could probably figure out, like within some window of accuracy, where all the open parking spots are. Like they’re probably not looking for it now, but Teslas are just driving around. They see where the open parking spots are. And so if they were trying. They could just aggregate that data and tell you like, “Oh, you’re looking for a parking spot. Here’s the nearest one because a Tesla drove by it 12 seconds ago.” You see what I mean? Ash: Interesting. Pablos: That’d be a superpower for teslas. Ash: That’s, that’s, that’s, that would be great. I mean, that’s like, that’s like Spot Hero on crack. Pablos: Yeah. Who wouldn’t buy that car? Oh, you could buy a Kia. Or if you get a Tesla, it’ll tell you where the fucking parking spot is at. Ash: Yeah. So it’ll tell you the next, the next location. I like that. The thing that you have to figure out is how do you save it? Pablos: Well, You wouldn’t know for sure. The things could sense in any spot they have a sight line to that could see is it is it empty? Is it staying empty? Is somebody pulling into it? You could maybe make statistical probabilities for different streets. Stuff like that. Ash: It definitely helps when you’re doing the parking lot, shuffling, just going around and around and around. And then, you just hope that, that someone pulls out right. What a Tesla could do is could wait for the next Tesla. Pablos: Mm hmm. Oh, yeah. There you go. Now we’re talking. There you go. Tesla baton. They’re doing that, with their, charging stations anyway. Tesla drivers are playing a video game where they’re like, You know, waiting for a, for a charging supercharger spot so you could, you could do that. And then there’s, yeah, I like that one. I think it would be useful though, even if you just, you know, it knows where you’re trying to drive to and it could figure out like, okay, you’re going to have a real parking problem in that area. Street parking is a lost cause. Ash: But if there are four Teslas there. Pablos: It’s hard for a Tesla to know when somebody’s going to leave. Ash: It does, because the preconditions 10, 15 minutes, see, like, if you set departure time on your Tesla, because you were preconditioning or Pablos: Oh, why Would you do that? My car doesn’t know when I’m going to leave. I guess you could. You could gamify it. This guy’s got a meeting. At 3 o’clock, so he’s gonna have to leave by 2. 45, so probably there’s gonna be an empty spot here. I don’t know, maybe. Might be possible. Ash: I don’t know that you’re going to synchronize with the calendar, but I mean, that could be kind of cool, but I’m just saying that there’s definitely precondition, which, which you’re supposed to do. So if you’re plugged in at home, right. Or, but like any of these chargers, there’s like a precondition so that your car is warmer and like ready and like all that crap, right? Like they’ve been doing that for some time. Pablos: Oh, I see, oh, I see what you mean, right. I get it. I get it. So, so I don’t drive a Tesla, but what, but precondition you’re saying is like, I’m going to go. So warm up the car or cool off the car. Ash: So fancy cars do that, but also when the electric cars came in, the batteries have to have like been revved or whatever. Pablos: There’s a thermal window Ash: Or, or set them up. Pablos: I see. Ash: You got it. Right. So that’s why they want to know when you’re leaving. That way you’re not, you’re not cold driving your, your Tesla. Pablos: Yeah. Ash: So that means they know, right? So if you want maximum range, they’ve got to like do that little thermal thing inside to get the battery, like not, minus five or whatever the hell it is outside. So, so they already know. So in cold places, this would work well. Pablos: Intriguing. Okay, so there’s another idea, at least for Tesla if not a startup. Recorded on December 22, 2023The post Smart Traffic Lights – ØF appeared first on .

    Full show notes at the publisher

    Samy is My Hero — Samy Kamkar Jan 04, 2024
    Show notes

     This is probably the conversation I had in mind when I decided to start this podcast. Samy Kamkar is an old buddy of mine, a genius hacker. When you guys hear me praising the minds of hackers and how brilliant they can be and how they think, Samy is the example in my mind that I’m thinking of, and I always love to share him.

    Samy’s famous for having written a computer virus that he was using to meet girls on the internet, which is probably ill-advised. The virus he wrote took over MySpace. It was incredibly genius! What would happen is: if you looked at Samy’s page on MySpace, it would just automatically add you as his friend.

    MySpace is long gone, but you could imagine what that would be like on Facebook or Instagram or Snapchat nowadays. So, within 24 hour period, Samy had over a million friends on his MySpace profile, because the code not only would add you as his friend, it would copy itself to your page so that whenever anybody looked at your page, it would automatically add them as Samy’s friend too, and then do one other benign thing, which would change your profile page to list Samy as your HERO!

    Samy is my hero. I love him so much. He’s done a lot of amazing, beautiful work and computer hacking. He has a YouTube channel that we’ll talk about on here, but you should definitely go watch his videos.

    I’m not going to interview Samy. that has been done and you should listen to the Tim Ferriss interview of Samy. I think of this conversation is something you could listen to with or without having heard that, but if you want to know more about Samy and his background and all the stories, then you can go listen to Tim Ferris interviewing him. This however is a conversation between friends, it is very soulful.

    There’s a lot in here that I’m looking forward to sharing with you guys.

    Also, Samy is a co-founder of a couple of company that have been very successful and he sold his most recent company called Open Path to Motorola. This is not an ad, I’m just telling you because I’m impressed with what Samy built: Open Path is a physical door access control system that’s way better than those cards you used to have to use to get into your office. Now you can just do it with your phone and walk right in. Samy has helped build that product and the company is doing very well.

    And I think you should all become, customers.

    Oh, and I almost forgot to tell you Samy, at one point decided he wanted to become a DJ and learn how to make music. And he’s the one who created the track that we use for the podcast intro that you’re going to hear next.

    Please listen to this conversation with me and Samy. I’m sure you’re going to get a lot out of it.

    Important Links:

    1. Samy is my Hero
    2. Samy on Wikipedia
    3. Samy’s Website
    4. Samy on YouTube
    5. Tim Ferriss Podcast with Samy

    About Samy Kamkar

    Samy Kamkar is an American privacy and security researcher, computer hacker and entrepreneur. At the age of 16, he dropped out of high school.[One year later, he co-founded Fonality, a unified communications company based on open-source software, which raised over $46 million in private funding.

    In 2005, he created and released the fastest spreading virus of all time, the MySpace worm Samy, and was subsequently raided by the United States Secret Service under the Patriot Act. He also created SkyJack, a custom drone which hacks into any nearby Parrot drones allowing them to be controlled by its operator and created the Evercookie, which appeared in a top-secret NSA document revealed by Edward Snowden and on the front page of The New York Times. He has also worked with The Wall Street Journal, and discovered the illicit mobile phone tracking where the Apple iPhone, Google Android and Microsoft Windows Phone mobile devices transmit GPS and Wi-Fi information to their parent companies. His mobile research led to a series of class-action lawsuits against the companies and a privacy hearing on Capitol Hill.

    Recorded on September 17, 2021

    The post Samy is My Hero — Samy Kamkar appeared first on .


    Primer on Nuclear Reactors — Nick Touran Dec 15, 2023
    Show notes

    Today we get to hang out with my buddy Nick Touran. Nick is a nuclear engineer who’s focused on the practical deployment of clean, renewable, carbon free energy.

    I met Nick when we were both working at the Intellectual Ventures Lab. He is on the TerraPower team, and even though we don’t discuss the TerraPower reactor, or any of that technology on this episode, Nick and I try to dig into history of nuclear a bit. trying to explain what’s possible with nuclear reactors, so people can really understand how that fits into our future and what the pros and cons are, and really try to technically, illuminate how nuclear reactors work a little bit for people who haven’t been able to dig into that so much before.

    I learned a lot of what I know about nuclear reactors from Nick, and so it’s a thrill for me to get to share him with you guys and this conversation in particular is a great place to start.

    Nick has a website called whatisnuclear.com. If you want to learn more beyond what we cover in this episode, that’s a great place to start so go and read his writing and learn as much as you can.

    I believe this is one of the most miraculous technologies humans have ever invented. And it’s so frustrating for me that we haven’t put it to greater use for humanity.

    Important Links:

    • Nick’s awesome website, whatisnuclear.com

    About Nick Touran

    I’m a reactor physicist working on the design of an advanced nuclear reactor for a nuclear innovation company, where I’ve been since 2009. I have a Ph.D. in nuclear engineering from the University of Michigan based on the multiobjective optimization of fast reactors using perturbation-based equilibrium cycle methods.

    Recorded on June 15, 2021

    The post Primer on Nuclear Reactors — Nick Touran appeared first on .


    Helium Airships (Short) Dec 19, 2022
    Show notes

    Short opinion piece about these helium airships and the need to preserve helium.

     Back before there were memes as we know them, the meme for a disaster was the Hindenburg. The Hindenburg was this giant Zeppelin, an Airship filled with hydrogen gas that’s lighter than air. Like a helium balloon. So it would just float but it had a huge passenger compartment. This is back in. 1937, so 80 years ago, the Hindenburg famously ignited and turned into a giant flame in the sky and scared the shit out of everyone forever and these things have not gotten a lot of attention since then.

    I think they’re cool. But there’s a real problem with trying to make a lot of hydrogen next to actual humans and somehow imagine that it’s going to be safe. So since then, people have played around with things like blimps and things that don’t have passengers and stuff like that. But these things don’t, aren’t very popular. I have seen a little bit of news lately about this group called Lighter Than Air Research, which is trying to create air ships today.

    These are in part probably safer because they don’t fill them with hydrogen, they fill them with helium. So this is a massive craft. They call Pathfinder one. I’m going to link to an article in IEEE Spectrum about this and I’m just going to give you, the highlights.

    Pathfinder 1 is 120 meters, long, 20 meters in diameter. I think biggest Goodyear blimp right now is 75 meters. So this is like the biggest air ship ever made. I think.

    LTA Research staff maneuver Pathfinder 1 while the airship is under construction at the company’s Moffett Field facility, near San Francisco. LTA RESEARCH

    The idea is to carry about four tons of cargo. It sounds like a lot, but if you’re not familiar with a ton, four tons is about one Humvee. Or, maybe four tons might be a good size Amazon delivery van fully loaded. That’s four tons of cargo. There’s still, also a crew, there’s what’s called water ballast, which is, water you carry for weight. So if you have a problem, descending too fast, you could drop the water and it would slow your descent to make it safe. And then fuel, cause you still need fuel in order to propel the thing. The idea is this thing would go 65 knots. So that’s about 120 kilometers an hour, which I think about 70 miles an hour. That’s about as fast as these things seem to ever really be able to go, but the, average cruising speed probably maxes out at more like two-thirds of that. This is a modern Airship probably worth revisiting it to see if it can be done better. The old ones were built with, a lot of wood. They were built with a lot of aluminum which is, good strength to weight ratio, but incendiary. In the sense that it melts at a low temperature. Modern crafts could be built with carbon fiber and titanium and all these modern materials that we can coat to make them less inflammatory,

    So that’s the frame and then you also have this covering and the coverings gonna be made of not cotton the way we used to do it, but we’re going to make that out of some modern polyvinyl from DuPont called Tedlar. So obviously those materials have advanced a lot in our lifetime. If you sense a little bit of a dubiousness in my voice, I’m going to tell you why that is in a little bit here.

    That’s the basic idea. There’s also a lot that’s advanced in weather prediction. There’s a lot that’s advanced in electric motors for propulsion. There’s a lot that’s advanced in autonomous flying and driving. And so we have lidars and we have things that can figure out how to make these things dramatically safer. I buy all that. Here’s what bothers me.

    The world has unlimited hydrogen on earth, more or less. We have a lot. We can make more. Hydrogen’s awesome. What the world does not have on earth is very much helium. We have very little helium. We have very little helium left. We’ve been able to find a few new helium mines in the last decade, but there’s just not much of it.

    And that is a super valuable element that we really need for lots of different things. We need it for making computer chips. We need it for figuring out how to make fusion reactors and things like that. We’re just running out of helium and I’m pretty disappointed in any plan that involves using a lot of helium as it’s lighter than air substance.

    Because of that, I’m really having a hard time getting excited about these modern airships that want to use helium. Helium is not flammable, so it won’t burn up the way that hydrogen does. If you remember your periodic table, if you look at the very beginning, the reason you’ve probably heard of hydrogen and helium is they’re numbers one and two. They are the lowest weight elements in the world.

    And hydrogen is a lot lighter than helium, but it also, combined with oxygen just fucking blows up, which is great, amazing amount of energy in hydrogen. We have a lot of use for that. But what’s happening with helium is, we’re just letting it go. We’re giving it away in party balloons which is a terrible disaster. It makes me practically cry when I see helium balloons, which is sad. I grew up with them. I love them. I want my kid to have them. They’re fun, but that’s a waste of good helium. We just don’t have enough and we don’t have a way of making more. And that’s the really important thing to understand.

    Until we get real good control of fusion reactors, and have extra ones to deploy at the job, we don’t even have any way of making helium. When you do have a fusion reactor, it makes a little bit of helium, but not much. Maybe someday fusion reactors will be able to be designed to put out a lot of helium for balloons, but right now they don’t.

    They don’t do anything right now, but they don’t do that. So the point is. We should be really careful about how we deplete the helium that we do have here on earth. Maybe someday we’ll get a highway to the moon and we’ll be able to go get a lot more helium. But right now this is this is a really important resource that I think we should be careful about. I don’t want to see it used on airships, which require a lot.

    Okay. Second thing. I tried playing with helium before, and we do use a lot of helium for weather balloons and things like that. Please use hydrogen. It’s okay if a weather balloon burns. A helium balloon that’s big, it’s just a really hard to manage. Putting a lot of lighter than air gas into a balloon to get it off the ground and float it up into the atmosphere. It’s just unwieldy. I only have a little bit of experience with this early days at Blue Origin, we tried to make some giant helium balloons just to see what potential might be in that. It’s hard cause, you gotta make the balloon out of something light and not too structural. The airships have a frame. We didn’t have frames. We just had big balloons that we made. We made them really light. But, you’ve got to bring tanks and tanks of helium to go, then fill that up to launch it wherever you are. The process of filling it up, it wants to float away while you’re filling it, and you think you could just keep loading gas into it the way that you would with a party balloon, but in practice, the more you load into it, the harder it is to tether the thing and keep the wind from blowing it away.

    And maybe you could do that indoors and then have a ceiling the launches, it’s pretty impractical to do. And, with travel, you want to be able to go a lot of different places, obviously with an Airship, you’d try to fill it once and then use your electric motors to move that thing around, up and down and maybe. I give up as little helium as possible, but that’s the other thing about helium. It’s really hard to contain. It leaks through almost everything. It is a very small molecule.

    I’m putting this out there just to let you guys know how I feel about it. From what I understand to date. I have not met or talked to the folks that are working on this at Lighter Than Air Research. If you know them, please introduce me and I’m sure that they can tell me how they think about it. I’m sure they have some other perspective and if I get that in my head, I’ll let you know if I change my mind.

    Recorded on December 18, 2022

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    Top Sleep Doctor's Brain Dump - Michael Breus, Ph.D Jan 23, 2022
    Show notes

    Sleep is the most natural process that you can do other than breathing. Like breathing, we don’t need technology to help us sleep. The reason many people don’t sleep is because of what’s between their ears – their mental stability, anguish, or stress. Do you fall asleep easily or does the slightest noise wake you up? Dr. Michael Breus, gives me a full brain dump as I try to learn everything I can about sleep in one session. He takes on taboo ideas like polyphasic sleep and the role of nutrition and the microbiome in having a good night’s rest, how melatonin, CBD, and some pharmaceutical interventions such as Zolpidem affect the sleep process, how much sleep we should have, and more. Pablos: The thing I’m trying to go after is that at least my way of seeing the world is through all these problems that we have. This is a pile of problems that are possibly growing. We also have this other pile, which is tools and technologies, and it’s also growing because of what I mentioned. The job for us is to figure out how we sit in the middle and connect to those things. If we have some optimism that it’s possible and we can demystify the problems so people understand what the real problems are, we can demystify the technology so they’re not terrifying and complicated. People then can build that sense of optimism about how we could make the future better. That’s how I think about things a lot. Not only the idea here is to give people some insight into how we think about things and our experiences. One of the things I’m curious about is that years ago, there was no such thing as a sleep doctor. Maybe there were some researchers or whatever, but it wasn’t a legitimate career track. How did you end up being a sleep doctor? What does that mean? Michael: What’s interesting about the field of sleep medicine in general is it’s an incredibly small new field. The very first sleep lab in 1945, Walla Walla, Washington, built demand on narcolepsy. It wasn’t even about sleep apnea. When you look at medicine and you think about Hippocrates. Thousands of years of innovations in medicine, we’re literally at the sperm and egg stage of sleep medicine. That’s where it was. I fell into it by accident. I was doing my residency. I was getting my PhD in Clinical Psychology at the University of Georgia and I was interested in Sports Psychology. I had no interest in sleep at all. I wanted to tell athletes how to get the mental game of sports and run faster into all this cool shit with psychology. I went to the University of Georgia, the top twenty programs. The best internship residency program, believe it or not, is the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. They had an eating disorders and athletes program that I was fascinated with. This was going to be an interesting area for me to get into and understand more about, but I couldn’t get into the program. Harvard, Yale, Princeton, they all got in the program. I went to Georgia’s top twenty programs, but to be fair, it wasn’t Harvard. It wasn’t even top seventeen. I’m sitting there, I’m looking through the application and they have like a specialty track for sleep medicine and a specialty track for neuropsychological testing. I didn’t know anything about sleep medicine in Jackson. You figured out, “I can’t get on a program I want, but I can at least go to Jackson.” I had an ulterior motive because when I saw this thing, I had worked my way through graduate school in the Electrophysiology department. I’m the kid who used to take the old rotary phones apart, put them back together, there would be 4 or 5 pieces on the side, and this thing would work like a gem. I took the phone apart for different reasons and did not get it back together. I like to tinker with stuff. I like to measure stuff. I have that kind of a brain. When I saw that there was a sleep track that used those machines, I said, “I’m going to sell myself as a sleep guy. I’m going to transfer as soon as I get there. Just because you didn’t let me in the fucking place, that doesn’t mean I’m not going to get in.” I get in on the sleep side. I get there and they say, “You have to start on the sleep side. If you want to transfer, you can do it later.” By the third day, I fell in love. You haven’t gotten around to transferring back. You gave up on that and sticking with sleep. This was many years ago. Tell me what research was going on there. Back in those days, the field of sleep medicine is an interesting one because it was taken over. There are two sides, research and clinical. What’s difficult about the clinical is it pretty much only treats sleep apnea. In the world of sleep medicine, we’ve figured out how to treat sleep apnea. That’s primarily what is going on. When you say clinical, that means we’ve got actual patients, we’re trying to help them. On the research side, we’ve got people with problems and we’re trying to understand them. We may or may not be able to help them. That might be a way of describing the difference. When you look at clinical sleep medicine, we’ve identified 88 different sleep disorders. You can fuck up your sleep, which is amazing when you think about it. We were starting to design protocols for each one of the diagnostics to be able to start to lower the symptomatology. That’s the basics of medicine. Meaning, you are down with each of those 88 things you have. Sleep is recovery. You have to have something to recover from.Tweet The assessment narrows it down. What I’m talking about is the treatment side of things. You are good at figuring out which of the 88 things you have. We’re good at that, but the problem is that I believe that there are sleep disorders and what I call disordered sleep. Sleep disorders are diagnosable apnea, narcolepsy and insomnia. Disordered sleep is I went to that room in the back of my house. I was there for 6, maybe 7 hours. My eyes were closed. I come out, I don’t feel great. Why? How do I fix that? That’s been my area of specialty for the last six years where I’m only focusing on how do I improve the quality of sleep. There are probably about 6,000 guys and gals out there who are board-certified sleep specialists. They treat apnea and narcolepsy. In some cases, insomnia. We’ve got pros who can do that, but the things that don’t fit into that rubric. Are you talking about the 89th thing? To be fair, I don’t think it’s a diagnosis. It has to do with lifestyle. It has to do with intensity. I don’t have an actual physical problem that maps to my diet, but it could be better. You could have more energy or better results if you improve your diet, but I don’t necessarily have a clinical problem. That’s how I look at sleep in certain ways. I’m a high-performance sleep coach. I used to be a sleep doctor, apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia. Now, people come to me and they’re like, “I know that I need eight hours to get good sleep, but I only have six. Can you do that?” The answer is, “Yes, you can.” What science has shown us is that there are certain scheduling swim lanes for your sleep schedule. This is based on something called your chronotype. Chronotype might not be a term that people are familiar with being called an early bird or a night owl. Those are chronotypes. It turns out those are genetic. There’s a variation on the PER3 gene. There’s a particular snip that is altered and that can make your entire body schedule go early or make your entire body schedule go late. If I have 23andme, I can look it up and explain why I’m a night person. That’s the cool part of science, but what the fuck do you do with it? That’s where I come in. I love that science and I was tinkering around with it. I was doing it all myself. I said, “What happens if I only sleep during my chronotypical sleeping hours?” I’m a night owl. That meant I had to go to bed at midnight. I decided not to have an alarm because I was going to check if my body wakes up naturally and see what happens. The first month I started this experiment, I went to bed at midnight and woke up at 7:30. Within 40 days or so, all of a sudden, I was waking up at 7:15 on my own. I am still going to bed at midnight. All of a sudden, it was 7:00, and then it was 6:45. I get up at 6:13 every single morning now with no alarm. I could close my eyes at midnight. That midnight I wake up at 6:13 AM. The punchline is it won’t go lower. At age 52, in my shape, my body only needs 6 hours and 13 minutes of high-quality sleep because I’m sleeping in that swim lane. Here’s what happens, when I stay up until 1:00 in the morning, I still get up at 6:30. That’s what I experienced. I’m tuned for the wake-up time. That’s what you’re supposed to be because that’s the circadian anchor. When the sun hits the melanopsin cells in your eyeballs and turns off the melatonin faucet in your brain, there’s a whole circadian side of things that has to agree with that. When it doesn’t, you got involved. I should tune my wake-up time to maybe the sun, although that moves around all year. Maybe I could do it to a grow light or whatever so I have a consistent wake-up time. I don’t seem to be able to change that one as much. That one stays the same. I can go to bed whenever I want. For fifteen years, I was dancing salsa, probably at least every other night. The better you get at salsa, the later you go. On a Tuesday night, I would show up at midnight until 2:00 in the morning. It didn’t matter. If I danced, I’d go to bed at 2:00, I would get up at 8:00. If I didn’t dance, I go to bed at 11:00 or 12:00 and get up at 8:00. I felt like what was happening was, “If I dance, I need less sleep,” but you wouldn’t diagnose it that way. Here’s what I would tell you is if you dance, you’d get higher quality sleep. One of the biggest things we now know is movement. Sleep is recovery. You have to have something to recover from. On the nights when you were salsa-ing, what I would do is I’d love to put a tracker on you on the nights when you’re dancing and the nights when you’re not. I would like to look at the different stages of sleep because we probably see a much bigger increase in stage 3 or 4 sleep, which is your physical restoration because of the salsa dancing. We then might see less mental restoration on the REM sleep side of things, but we can change those at will. If I could do anything I wanted having no sleep problem, pretend I have no constraints on when I sleep pretty much, whatever, what do you think would be the optimal thing for a guy to do? I’m not trying to solve any problems. I’ve got no issues, but I am going to get older at some point. Should I do something like you described? No alarm, see what happens, go to bed at a consistent time every day, and see where I land over the course of six months? It was less than six months. It slowly happened at first and all of a sudden, it was quick. What ended up happening was it took a grand total of 90 days. All of a sudden, my entire sleep schedule had shrunk and it was improved in quality. One thing to tell every reader is about the consistency of your wake up time. At first, you might have to set an alarm to wake up at a particular time, but then when you start waking up before the alarm, and then it starts to scoot further behind, we’re in the money here. That’s where we want to be. It all has to do with this chronotypical swim lane of a schedule that you follow. As we get older, the swim lane changes. Our circadian rhythms dial back because our body’s ability to produce melatonin begins to decline. We have two options at this point. We can rotate our schedule backwards or we can use supplemental melatonin to help us on the front end and try to keep that schedule. There are two schools of thought about how you want to do that. To be fair, if I want to wake somebody up in the mornings, I can use a blue light. They’re commercially available out there. It is easy to get your hands on to basically turn off my melatonin faucet in the morning. You can lower blue light by wearing things like blue light blocking glasses and have the red light and things like that. There’s a lot of biohackingness that can be done within the sleep universe. I like those Wi-Fi smart lights and stuff that they’ll do blue. I could have that to be my alarm instead of be obnoxious. What a lot of people have found is those sunrise alarm clocks are cool. What you can do is put on a timer with a dimmer in it. What about this? My girlfriend needs to wake up earlier than me. Is there a product that seems like I need a vibrating watch on each person or something? There are pillow vibrating alarms. There are these little disks and you slide them in your pillow. It’s got an alarm on it and it will just vibrate. It doesn’t wake up your neighbor. Also, there’s a new product by Bose. They’re called Sleepbuds. They’re earbuds that you wear all night long. They have a private sound library. I’m helping them with it, and then there’s an alarm that only you hear in your ear. Is that available now? It’s commercially available now. You’ll love them. I have got a couple of lines of inquiry here. Go back to the phone when you were a kid. I remember disassembling rotary phones for a variety of reasons. One, I wanted to be able to make that bell go and harass people. I wanted to make it sound like I had a phone ringing in my car, which at that time didn’t exist. I mounted a rotary phone to the dash in my car in 1985, something like that. There were bag phones or car phones at that point, but they were $7,000. They were huge, but I just had a rotary phone with a windy cord on it. The thing is we had learned to trick the phone network a little bit. There were things you could accomplish by taking the phone apart and getting control of the switch hook and something like that. What I think about now is my daughter is raised in a world where you take the screws out of something and there’s nothing observable. It’s a pile of computer chips. For you and I, taking the rotary phone apart, you could see how it worked. You can see the coils wrapped around the magnet. You could see the bells. I remember it distinctly. You could see the rotors and when they finally came out with push buttons. All these wires were coming out and you’re like, “That connects to that, and that goes to this.” It was 40 hours to assemble a touch-tone phone. I think of that as being a gift because all these devices were observable. I could take them apart, play with them, fuck with them, and then put them back together. I learned a lot from that and I feel like in the world our kids are growing up in, why would you bother to take an iPad apart? You are going to find more computer chips. It’s the same, everything is computers. Even computers, when I was a kid, the code was all observable. You learn by looking at the ones and zeros literally. That’s also obfuscated behind a pretty cartoon interface and stuff. If that’s what you described, you learned about this taking phones apart and stuff, and then that attracted you to the machines being used, can you talk about what were those machines? The machines were things that took vital signs. I was particularly curious about how a signal could come from your body and be then translated into this idea. When I started, it was all paper. It wasn’t digital. There were pens on the paper. You had these inkwells. You would have to pump the inkwells to get the pressure to go through and then they would be squiggling along. I remember the first night I worked in the sleep lab on my residency. I went in and my dad or my mom had bought me this beautiful new white doctor’s coat. I was excited. I was on my internship. People are going to call me doctor and I go up to the thing. I’m working in and then what happened was the patient turned and the pens went fucking crazy and ink went flying. I had ink all down my thing and everybody was laughing because they knew the joke. It was fun. Back at that time, when I was learning about sleep, we would have a…

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    Urban Transportation & the Truth about Garbage — Assaf Biderman Jan 16, 2022
    Show notes

    About two billion people that are going to move into cities by 2050 and with that growth, the demand for efficient transportation is going to increase dramatically. In an era where we’re already seeing inefficiencies in urban mobility having a massive impact on the economy, public health and environmental health, it’s hard to imagine a future of transportation that doesn’t border utter chaos. Cognizant of these projected problems, Assaf Biderman, is working on solutions that harness the power of artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies that are already within our reach. Assaf is founder and CEO of Superpedestrian, founder of the Senseable City Lab at MIT and an awesome guy to learn from. I’ll admit, I have been dubious about the rentable scooter business, but Assaf has me convinced there’s an important place for these things in our cities. If you have any interest in urban mobility, this conversation is important. You’re still at MIT, but you don’t have to go anymore because no one goes to work anymore. The whole lab has been removed since March. I’m still on the board of the lab. I spend most of my time at Superpedestrian. Is the Senseable City Lab still going? Yes. What are you guys trying to do? Senseable started in 2003, 2004, where the goal was to say, computers are becoming part of everything. They can emit data. They can act on data. You can embed them in your environment. That allows us to completely change the way we study design and impact cities. Some people call this field of smart cities and I don’t like that. It is because there’s no such thing People are smart enough, but there is a lot that you can do. You can discover new things about how people organize themselves and about how it flows through the city, energy flows, waste, the things we consume, people, and communication. A lot of that can impact how you design them and how you manage them in real-time. It’s got a lot of value. It’s one of the largest lab fields. I’ve been doing work since 2004 in partnership with cities all over the world. Those are big city partners and a lot smaller. It was funded by corporate for the most part and more will survive by long-term brands, but most of the money came from corporate where cities volunteered themselves as a subject matter and tell us about what problems they care about. Probably they want to look at together with us. We use the bigger money from corporate, all thrown together into one pot. We basically manage the deployment of dollars into research areas that we care about and the cities care about and the consortium that the management cares about. Most of the time, technology surrounds machine learning, robotics, various types of analytics. For example, when you think of the seventeen-year history or something, what are the things that stand out to you as examples of what that lab is doing so that I could understand? The impact areas that we care about are the stuff that makes cities function better or worse. We look at a lot of transportation, and probably half of those are transportation, whether it is dispatch algorithms to global taxis that we’ve been working on for many years. There’s quite a bit of knowledge there that’s generated this whole micro vehicle angle, which is what Superpedestrian is spun into. How do you define micro vehicles? These are tiny vehicles that take vertical space. The key thing is you got to take much less space on the road than a car does, but the longer answer it depends on the occupants. We want to make sure that we are able to get a lot more people on the road. There are about 2 billion people that are going to move into cities by 2050. There is no way that these people are moving. Cities are already overbooked so 1.16 people in a car, which is what we do today, like Sedan don’t cut it. Think of something else where the utilization is a lot higher, either a tiny vehicle for “1.16 people” or some way to decline transit with these other modes. It’s classically called multimodality. Cities have done this for over a century with subways. You walked into the subway. Now we want to extend the reach of these systems or any new modes on either end. Two billion people are going to move into cities by 2050. There is no way those people are moving if we don’t revolutionize transportation.Tweet I have a zillion questions about this. That’s one thing about transportation. We’ve got a lot of work on housing. I work on energy, waste production, and communication. How do communities lay themselves out in space, which touches on the essence of why we come together probably in cities, in the first place? It is to get access the diversity to human capital. There’s increasingly work on the intersection between biology and cities because you can learn so much about how we are impacted by a built environment or how it should be better designed by studying, for example, the collective microbiome of communities. It’s public health that provides that like the spread of pandemics. It is quite a bit of work on that in the last several years with robots that eat your shit and tell you something about the collective gut. It’s been spun off. They started doing well when COVID came around. I’ve heard multiple pitches for companies that want to sample sewer systems to figure out where in the city there’s COVID or whatever pandemic. There is this company called Biobot, which we spun of Senseable from the project we called Underworlds. I’m looking at it for a while at Eric Alm’s lab. Well trying to amply signals in the sewer that relate to that. You said you’re on the board, but are you actively doing anything at the lab or you’re pretty much busy with the startup? I am, but much less than intensive. A startup is something you want to put yourself into completely. Coming at it from a different perspective, at Intellectual Ventures Lab where I was working., we created a group called Institute for Disease Modeling. Essentially, what the team was doing was computational modeling on the spread of disease. Mostly third world stuff, but what happened was we created computational models on things primarily like malaria and big infectious diseases there. When the first Ebola outbreak happened, 12,000 lives were lost. When the second Ebola outbreak happened, twelve lives were lost. In between what happened among other things was we were able to do computational models to optimize the ring vaccination campaigns so that we could quickly contain those outbreaks. That’s a two order of magnitude improvement on lives lost. With infectious disease, it could be a pandemic candidate. A lot of the gains came because we were able to use computers to help us make better decisions. I use that in my mind as an example of how computers with these modern tools, computational models, big data, machine learning, network models, being able to help humans make better decisions about what to do with large complicated problems. Things that our intuition would fail us. That’s the rough thesis I have in my head about what’s possible. What I imagine is that you have a lot more experience than me with the Senseable Lab going and figuring out for cities. Exactly that because in my mind, in the future, even the near future, we should be able to use these types of tools to help us make better decisions about city planning, transportation, infrastructure like sewer systems, water, power and all those things. We should be able to make use models to create thousands of possible futures and let us choose which one is the best from that. It seems like that’s the work you’ve been doing for a long time, in some sense. What I want to do is figure out if you have examples from that work to help me substantiate this view, help people see the potential and how we make decisions for situations, where asking an expert isn’t going to get you the best answer because we’ve tapped our tapped out on our potential with that type of decision-making process. There’s plenty of examples. When we started this work, it was a few groups around the world looking at this and there was very little data to go by. We had to do a lot of data, to partner with companies that have data running through them for other purposes, cell phone companies. We worked with a lot of vehicle services and also the computational capabilities, the analysis, the science behind the analysis, the mathematics was it a difference. Some of this is being put to practice. It’s in a very different state. I still think we’re fairly early on. I’m not sure that the biggest value to be had from this cyber-physical city is in the ability to somehow centrally make decisions that are smarter. When it comes to pandemic, you definitely want that. That’s the great rule, catch to spread, know how to cut the chain of contagion, what we’ve all learned to think of a split flattening the curve. All this stuff is perfect for centralized decision-making systems where theaters can be effective. However, if you think about a lot of the things that are happening in the city. People, the citizens, the actors themselves are the ultimate decision-makers, how something ends up behaving, how you navigate yourself through the city by what you throw away, where you work, and where you live. Almost all the decisions about the way a place functions played by the people who use the place, not the people who mattered. I think there is an important distinction that I want to put out there first. It becomes interesting when part of these computer models or computer analysis becomes open and information brings a citizen as an ultimate decision-maker, so that citizenship could become smarter. It’s a good, amazing dream. There’s little stuff that we’re already doing, but there’s a lot more that we can do. When you say that, what I imagined is like, Mumbai versus Seattle or where in Mumbai, citizens are making all the decisions. There’s nothing central going on. That’s affecting the city. As far as I can tell, Seattle, the city is making decisions, largely poor ones about everything. The citizens aren’t making a lot of the decisions I don’t feel. Am I wrong about that? Do you see a spectrum there? Think of the things that you do from the moment you get up in the morning until you go to sleep, how much of that is being dictated by somebody else? There are very few. It’s in your immediate environment that predicts how you move, where you eat, what’d you buy, how you consume, pollute, contribute what you work on, and all that stuff. Transportation, housing, and education are big pillars of cities. They are navigated by cities. At the end of the day, people are driving these pillars. Let’s leave it at this abstract level for a second and try to focus on it. Let’s talk specifically about transportation. Now, we make choices about transportation that are driven by where we were, where we live, and where we’ll spend our time. We might choose where to live based on the availability of transportation, how bad is traffic. Is there a rail going to where I’m going to move to? At the end of the day, there is the impact of the decisions made by the Central Transportation Authority. It can be a mess. It is something we’re planning for an alternative can be a mess. Let’s think what’s positive. We have a pretty good understanding of how demand has been shaping for transportation. It has been growing and growing. It hasn’t had a flat year since 1984. Except for this one. Cities have been completely overbooked on the streets, but demand keeps piling on, so what are we going to do? Many cities have been focusing on mass transit. For the past 100 years, we’ve seen subway systems pure around the world. They’re expensive, but they’re very effective. Many cities do not have the ability to put a subway system yeah together. Those who have them, can’t expand them as effectively. We’re seeing examples all throughout the world, but almost every developed city very slow expands the subways. Not only this, when you expand it, the city develops around the subway system in a way that it immediately creates new demand for transportation further in the peripheral. The subway system reaches a certain neighborhood then that neighborhood will be more integrated with the city. Farther into the periphery, you’ll have new developments where people will buy cars and end up driving into the city from there. Historically, how do you plan that? You ask a bunch of households where they go to and from and create what’s called origin-destination makers. Now, we can derive those matrices with much higher procedures, whether it is through cell phone data. There are quite a few other ways. Think of the data that flows through an Uber-like service, a lift-like service, a transit authority, a taxi service, a micro-mobility company, and a cell phone company. When you put those together, you get a pretty good understanding of what’s going on in the city from the demand perspective. The insurance companies are increasing. You’re looking at that so you get a pretty good understanding of demand, but at the end of the day, you can’t change the supplier of transportation real-time. The cities are made of concrete. It takes a long time to change those big things like infrastructure. There is planning that happens as a result and the planning is quite long-term of the transit system. You do these demand surveys and the city ends up making decisions, 10 sometimes 20 years into the future in terms of massive investments or even management. Now, the question is we did an explosion in urbanization and the complete over-consumption of transportation, especially in the urban part, but also in four-doors in the Bay Area. It’s congested throughout almost all week days. The same is true for our latest industry in London, Beijing, Jakarta and Bangkok. What do we do now? If historically, we learn how to plan transportations that have walked to the subway and then you’d walk again, we’ve learned how to do this. They are all planners who specialize in this. They work in City Halls and they can be using the latest and greatest data tools or the sources, but still, you walk to the subway. There were some ways systems evolved very slowly. We added the Bus Rapid Transit system. If you want to expand the regional systems, there need to be new modes of transit that can let you go farther than what you get than by walking. Think of the KickScooter that we’re seeing a lot more around, shared e-scooters, shared e-bikes, and mopeds. One person covered vehicles like a tiny car electric. All these are going to become a part of a multimodal, very flexible transit system. That’s most likely going to be part of mobility or urban mobility systems into the future. Do you think these scooters that we see for rent on the street are here to stay in cities? Are they improving things? In some ways, yes, but let’s take a step backward. First of all, I think from a form factor perspective, what matters is that people like them. They find them useful. They have improved. They will improve a lot. That is what Superpedestrian is about, that technologies that make them safer and more manageable, but you’ll see multiple forms. This one form factor addresses a certain type of user, which is those short 1 to 3-kilometer trips. They’re not great for groceries or whatever. You can’t hold stuff on them very easily. You don’t want to go too far, but they’re great if you’re wearing a skirt, if you’re wearing a suit, or if you want something non-committal and they’re fun. Most importantly, people seem to like it. In 2019, there are 250 million trips made on those and it is growing. That means that there’s something that people are willing to do instead of using other modes. The question is, what does it come at the expense of? Is it replacing walking? Is it replacing subway trips or other transit trips? Is it replacing a ride-hailing trips or private carts? There are more and more research that sho…

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    Reimagining Entertainment, Work & Education — Brent Bushnell Jan 02, 2022
    Show notes

    Brent Bushnell is one of the most positive people I know. He’s created Two Bit Circus to reimagine how the newest developments in computing technology can shape the future of entertainment, work, education and human interaction. Brent grew up in the house that built Atari and has been a lifelong hands-on maker that brings a prototyping mindset to everything he does. Listen in to this candid and eclectic conversation and learn about the mass of possibilities that we can bring into fruition with just a little stretch of our imagination. Pablos: We’re rolling. Brent: Have you heard that term from reality shows, frankenbiting where they have a conversation for eight hours, “What do you think of Hitler? What do you think of all this stuff? What do you think of Pablos?” Later they cut those responses together and it is like, “Pablos is the worst person I’ve ever heard about.” I’ve seen for the Joe Rogan podcast people who do that to his show. They’re like, “Joe Rogan wants to eradicate Jews.” They clipped together two words snippets to make it sound like that’s what he said, but it’s such a popular show that people probably count it as clickbait. It’s almost like Machinima, people did with video games in order to be able to tell stories, but the AI side of that and the whole Deepfake thing has me excited from an entertainment perspective. I was ahead of that one because my view of the entertainment industry for the last decade or so has been that the camera would get replaced with this pile of sensors. You could have a human actor, but the point would be to capture what they do because we’re going to render them anyway. We’re going to render them at the point of consumption like a video game. The reason for that is you don’t know when you’re making the film, my native language dialect, the aspect ratio of my screen, my preference for how big the boobs are or whether it’s Ferrari’s or Lamborghini’s and product placement. It’s all going to get rendered at the point of consumption like a video game. The video game is oppression and showing the future of all entertainment and all media. It’s interesting because a couple of things happened out of order. We’ve been making video game rendering better so that we could do real-time rendering equivalent to Pixar. We’re getting pretty close to that, but then Deepfakes turbo-charged it because that gives you the ability to imagine making these high-quality renderings out of people who didn’t even know. I saw somebody who’s trying to make like a James Dean movie starring James Dean, “The legal parts were done with the estate of James Dean. He’s going to star in a new movie.” The guy creating it won’t ever leave his room and the rendering bay. You might still have a human actor because the toolkit for the guy in the room to make the virtual actor expressive is still limited. That’s why we still use a human actor because they’re a stand-in, but it could be your wife playing James Dean, get a real actor. They have to move and express themselves. There are certain times where the expression says that the actual mouth forming the syllabus matters less. If they were across the room, all of a sudden you could do synthetic audio and James Dean is pronouncing your names. The AI to do the synthetic audio are there. With twenty minutes of audio from you, we can make you say anything. We can make you read war and peace falsely and know the Brent Bushnell applications. That’s all solved. We’re not going to be aiming a camera at the actor’s lips for that because we’re going to render the actor in speaking whatever language the audience is watching. Get rid of the subtitles, overdubbing and stuff. I think it’s better to get the audio right than their lips matching. I thought about this a long time for AR and VR. Everybody’s fixated on those goggles, but the audio matters. The 360 is amazing. Some of these proximity audio games, you turn your head. I don’t understand a lot about audio engineering, because one of the fundamental problems you probably run into a bunch that’s been described to me in VR is it’s been a difficult medium to try and use for narrative, for stories like movies. In a movie, the director controls where the camera is and controls what you see. In VR, you control the camera. The problem is if I’m trying to tell you a story and you’re wearing goggles and you look away when I’m trying to, it’s like, “There’s an explosion. You missed the thing that you need to know. The clue was over here.” There’s this problem that makes it difficult because the director in a movie can experience linearly exactly what’s going to happen. You know that they controlled your perspectives. Here’s how I have thought a lot about this because we did two-bit. We did a ton of 360 audio and video production. In the early days, in 2012, we built our own 360 cameras, a bunch of GoPros in a 3D printed rig because they weren’t the greatest solution. We captured content for the NFL, Olympics and all kinds of stuff. I hate 360 VR. Is this for this reason or what? I grew to hate it because of the exact problem you’re talking about. You don’t know where you’re looking. It’s presented to you like it’s interactive but all you get is to control the camera angle. The rest of it, you’re this passive observer. The better solution is much more interactive. Let’s go back to the game engine. Now, instead of being the passive observer of this world, I am in the world. I am Harry Potter. Here’s the frame. Here’s the land that I can explore.” That’s the part they missed. If 1,000 years of entertainment was passive. You read a book, watch a movie, looking in on the world, the future for me is all interactive. What was described to me one time was that video game developers were getting clever because they have had this problem. They may have less narrative, but they still need you to get through the adventure. In video games, I remember hearing that like, “Valve would do these conniving things,” where like if you’re on a street and there’s a UFO coming down, you need to look up for the thing to happen. It’s like waiting for you to look up, but to get you to look up, they would do these subtle things like all the streetlamps would bend and point up. You don’t even see that happening, but it creates this feeling that like your eyes are drawn up, which should be out of the frame it initially. There are audio things that they’re doing that I don’t understand to get you to lookup. How do you make audio? I don’t understand how anything could be above you in stereo, but somehow it feels that way. New Technology: As we move along the immersion curve towards the best live experience, you’re adding resolution. It’s getting better. The one that I wanted for Two Bit was this ambisonics where you set up individually addressable speakers in a three-dimensional grid around the whole room so that you’re in there, I’m in there and Ellis is in there. We’re all getting exactly how the scene should unfold from our position in the room. I loved that. Who has that? It’s like a tech stack that is mostly open-source. Can I set it up in my house? You can set it up in your house. There’s some Linux version, but you need some special hardware. This became super relevant to me because in March 2020, all the events got shut down. All my jet-setting came to an end. All the things that would have been like speaking at a conference became Zoom calls. It sucked. I could play Pablo’s character in front of a webcam, but it was not interactive. It was not very rewarding. I was not making new friends. It’s broadcast. All the beautiful one-on-one personalization died. I instantly realized, “The whole point of these conferences wasn’t to see me on stage after all. It was people hanging out together, having a shared experience, hanging out in the lobby, going to lunch, going to happy hour or going to the after-party.” You were the clickbait. I wanted to figure out how to replace that hanging out part. I played with a bunch of different technology. The one that has made the biggest impression on me was High Fidelity, which Philip Rosedale made. He was fixated earlier because he was doing this for virtual reality. Before COVID, he was trying to figure out how to do a great job of that 3G audio experience for VR. Since COVID, we started playing with that and some other technology trying to have events where you could have a better human connection. With High fidelity, I made friends with people. There’s no video, just audio, you can wander around chat. You have a little avatar. Audio is high quality, no bandpass filtering, little to no compression, high bit rate. If you close your eyes in High Fidelity, it sounds like we’re hanging out together here. People are spatially positioned around you. I talked to Phillip about some and he describes some of the neurological cues that are being sabotaged by Zoom and other video conferencing things. An example of that is like, for all of human history, every conversation we had was zero latency. It was face-to-face with no compression. Also, super high resolution. Your intonation, facial expressions and arm gestures, all of that is part of the resolution. In the last 100 years, we’ve had phones. The phones at first were good. One of the metrics I remember Phillip told me is, “Your brain can handle about 180 milliseconds latency.” It’s aware of about 50 milliseconds? For music, it’s much lower, like musicians jamming together. In a conversation, 180 milliseconds is the max. After that, the conversation becomes, “No, you go ahead.” It’s that shitty talking over each other. What latency are we looking at in something like Zoom? Zoom can be lower 180 bits, often more. He told me an average Verizon call in the US is 350 milliseconds latency. I started learning more about this and realized that it’s almost as if Zoom is actively sabotaging the neurological cues that make me feel connected to you. It’s because the eye contact isn’t there, even if I’m desperately staring at my camera trying to make eye contact but I’m looking at your forehead. The future of entertainment is interactive.Tweet It’s such a simple thing, but it’s complex when you try to fix this. We are evolved with eye contact. You know how it is. I can be across the room and you’ll know if I’m making eye contact with you or if I’m looking at your ear. It’s Incredible. Even the idea that you could be looking at the screen, but looking at something else. The fact that they’re, “I know right now you’re not looking at a screen because we’re here in person.” “I’m staring at your eyes the whole time.” We feel connected because at least we know that there’s a mutual focus. Another one is that spatial positioning. People are scattered all over your screen, but their sound is as if they’re in a pile. There’s no way for these twenty people to be in a pile, but from an audio perspective, if you close your eyes, that’s what it sounds like. They’re all sitting in the same chair. It’s weird for your brain. Your brain is telling you, “Pablos is fake. That’s not a real person and you can’t trust him.” That’s the message that your subconscious has given you on Zoom. Twenty people in a pile don’t even work physically. No human in history has ever experienced that. Phillip is doing a great job with High Fidelity pioneering that stuff. It bodes well for the future of VR. I’m interested in figuring out how I can come up with some of those types of technologies now to help improve the human experience online. There’s real potential in it. We could do a little better. You were talking about that phones were great and Zoom has its problems. As we move along the immersion curve towards the best live experience, you’re adding resolution. It’s getting better. Who hasn’t sent a text message that has been misunderstood because of the million aspects of context that were lost? I’m all in on live experiences and I love in-person, but once Two Bit is closed and we started to explore what virtual looked like, I started to realize that hybrid is going to be with us for a long time. As we’ve broken work, we shattered it opened so that now some of your colleagues are going to be remote. When it comes time for your HR person to throw a holiday party, doing it in person is not going to be enough anymore or worse some of your people are at risk which I think is going to need to be accommodation like ADA for a long time. All of a sudden, it’s like an event has to be offered in both ways. The one that I’m super interested in is how do those connect? What are the connection points between the physical and the virtual? I don’t know if you remember in Disneyland haunted house, in that huge room Madame Leota where she’s projected on the crystal ball and it’s her face. Behind the scenes, Imagineering is projecting on Styrofoam. You get the face in its early movement. It’s like fake projection mapping or analog projection mapping. Analog early is a bust, a head up. Imagine that I had a cocktail table at Two Bit with Futurama and you could come in and we can have a conversation, but a lot of the aspect ratio, the eye positioning, all of those things will be solved. The camera would be embedded right there in the forehead of the head in the jar. I’m able to look right at you. You’re right-sized. You’re at the right place on the table. My head moves more than madame whatever. You could imagine trying to solve for some of those things over time. Hybrid, I think has meant like we’re going to have a physical event and then we’re going to live stream it out to people who are stuck at home. We’ve got to be able to do better than that. There are voyeurs on it. I have become super aware of the role of the live audience in place. It’s a character in the show. Without them responding, comedy sucks. That’s the one where the live audience matters the most and because of that, they’ve been the most damaged by not having live shows. It is shocking because you would imagine you and I as public speakers, it’s the ultimate thing. A comedian being able to walk into a room and entertain 10,000 people where this lady arrives with ten semi-trucks and 100 people. A comedian is the ultimate low-fi and yet you would expect it to adapt perfectly to it, but without the audience, it breaks. I was thinking about comedy and that’s one I want to play with because I think I know how to solve that. If you think about a comedian on stage needs that live audience, but the truth is when we’re on stage, you can only see the front row. There are lights in your face. I’m looking at the front row to see if they’re hanging in there. Are they getting it? Are they laughing? Am I my pissing them off? What is it? I think we could fix a comedy club because the truth is if I put a comedian on stage, I give you a front row sitting in every other seat to be distanced, it could be your family or the stage guys, they’ve all been COVID tested. I give you a front row, you’ve got half a dozen or a dozen people and you can get the theater for free. I put speakers in twenty other seats behind them and everything they do like if a guy in the front row laughs, then I render laughter from the rest of the audience. On stage, it sounds like I got 200 people laughing, but it’s only one guy. I’m getting those cues back as a performer. I’m seeing the front row, I’m hearing 200 people. You don’t look behind you at 200 people, you hear them. I’m going to put the sound back there and then we filmed the whole thing and then it can still be a Netflix special. This is how to make a Netflix special for a comedian. Those people, they weren’t interactive. They’re at home on their couch laughing, but they’re feeling the energy that was there in that live performance. New Technology: Creative constraint is going to be the driving force for most roles in the future of work. The Geffen Playhouse is a great theater here in Los Angeles. When the second COVID hit, they launched…

    Full show notes at the publisher

    Kids Building Dyson Swarms — Levi Hurt Dec 21, 2021
    Show notes

    Probably whatever you were doing with your life as a kid isn’t as cool as building a Dyson swarm. 12 year old Levi Hurt has already decided to devote his life to doing so.

    Levi is a delightful kid. It will warm your heart to hear his curiosity and excitement about these ideas. Even with my antagonistic questioning, his sense of wonder is infectious.

    Recorded on October 31, 2021

    The post Kids Building Dyson Swarms — Levi Hurt appeared first on .


    Exosomes, Stem Cells, Ketamine & VR — Dr. Melissa Selinger Sep 12, 2021
    Show notes

    My friend, Dr. Melissa Selinger is a Doctor of Neuropsychopharmacology who has done actual research on using psychedelics and virtual reality for treating things like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. A huge frontier where there are all kinds of potential, and very little actual scientific research has been done here so far. It’s an exciting frontier to be able to help a lot of people who we don’t have any real idea how to help otherwise. I’m super thrilled about that and the potential for it. It’s great to get to talk to somebody who knows what state of the art there is. Melissa knows a lot about all kinds of things that I don’t know anything about. As you guys know, part of what I love to be able to do is sit down with somebody who has a lot of knowledge and experience in something that I don’t know about, pick their brain, try and break it down, see if I can understand it and take you guys along for the ride so that we can all learn. Carcinogens, teratogens, exosomes, stem cells, cytokines, CRISPR, gene editing, all these are things that we talk about in this conversation. A lot of it is me trying to get her to explain in layman’s terms what this stuff is and how it works. There is incredible potential here. If you were ever interested in what’s possible in stem cell therapy, you’re going to want to learn about exosomes and her experience with that. A couple of biotech startups had some ups and downs in that and learned a lot. I’m thrilled to be sharing our conversation with you. Enjoy this episode. Pablos: I’m going to explain what I know, which is not very much, and you could tell me if I’m full of shit. Sound good? Melissa: Yeah. Human bodies are made up of a bunch of cells, most of which are not actually human. They’re like parasites and shit, and microbiome crap and other bacteria are living on your body everywhere. To the extent that there are human cells, the cells are super complex little cities inside. I’ve seen these microscope photos of all the shit inside of a cell, and it’s a lot. It’s complex. Most people like me have a vague notion that there’s a cell wall, which makes it like a balloon or a bowl or something, and then on the inside is all these goodies, including DNA, RNA, and other stuff. That’s the extent of anybody’s general education on this stuff. There are different kinds of cells. There’re bone cells, blood cells, meat cells, and shit. There’s a variety of different cells that do different things. All of them started out as stem cells which were basically blank cells. The thing got written into being whatever they’re going to become. You have some of those in an embryo. Over time, as your body is growing, these cells get programmed to be different things. Muscle tissue or brain cells, and then what happens is gamma rays come from space, bombard them, and you get these cell mutations. You end up with all kinds of variations and mutations, and then everybody ends up eventually getting cancer and dying. Is that pretty much the circle of life? It’s fairly accurate. There’s a lot of causes of cell mutations. There’re other causes like nicotine. A lot of just manufacturing in our environments in general are heavily laden with carcinogenic compounds that was a byproduct of the industrial area. Look at California, for example. Everything is a possible carcinogen. Stem Cells: Donating birth tissue for scientific research doesn’t go to academia for research but to for-profit mega-corporations. What does carcinogen mean? It’s a compound that’s able to alter the cell’s DNA structure in a manner that causes aberrant growth, like a malignant tumor. Essentially, the way that cells operate is they have a terminal point of senescence where they die. With cancer cells, they lose that, and they are able to live continuously. They don’t die like they’re supposed to. They just hang around and replicate. I know some people like that. Carcinogen means that it’s some chemical that you could ingest or come in contact with that can alter the DNA in a cell. Also, teratogens, which are birth defect causing chemicals in unborn babies as well. Those are chemicals that the mother could be exposed to, or that the babies get exposed to, or what? The mothers got exposed to, and then they cross the placental barrier in vivo. Not every carcinogen does that, but some subset of them are teratogens? Some subset of them and then there are various prescription drugs that were used during pregnancy that over time were pulled from the market when they realized that some of them cause pretty severe birth defects. Some people are attempting to live these carcinogen-free lifestyles. I don’t know if that’s possible in America because there’s such a heavy amount of it. Food in America is heavily chemical-laden and you have everything from the interior of cars and mass-produced furniture are full of anti-flammable chemicals. If I sit on a couch, that shit’s rubbing off? It depends on the manufacturer. If you grab a Walmart couch, for example, they have questionable materials and then anything that’s synthetic usually has something. If you have a synthetic vinyl couch or anything plastic, you have plasticizers that leach out over time. Water bottles, for example, the plasticizers that enable the plastic to have a bendiness or softness to them, that leaches out into the water, especially with heat or microwave food and plastic containers. The BPA alternatives are not necessarily safer than BPA. Even with Fiji Water? I would say pretty much anything bottled in plastic and then shipped in plastic is. I thought these plastics were FDA approved for holding food? FDA approval is still wishy-washy and you have FDA-approved artificial colorings, which may or may not be linked to possible disorders. We’ve had so much ingestion of artificial coloring, you would think we would know by now. They say it’s something like 99% of Americans test positive for BPA in their blood at any given time. I think aluminum cans are lined with plastic anyway. There’s some lining and the cans. You’re seeing a lot of times, the “BPA-free lining,” but it’s still the way that they’re manufactured. There’s still the joint where it’s sealed as a circular cylindrical piece and there are some metals that leach out. It’s in almost everything. It’s a losing game and the idea is to try to die before you get sick from ingesting all this crap. The statistics are something like 1 in 6 Americans will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their life. It’s a pretty prevalent thing at this point. It’s like a when, not an if, kind of thing. You have a clear understanding of cell biology. Can you explain what a stem cell is? With stem cells, if you want to start as far back as the fertilized ova, it gets fertilized with sperm, you get the zygote, which becomes this rapidly dividing mass of cells. That’s what a zygote is? Yeah. It’s just, “Let’s make a bunch of cells.” At this point, these cells are pluripotent, meaning they can transdifferentiate into all the types of cells in the body. It depends on how far along they’re within. In the beginning, they could be anything. That’s the appeal of using fetal cells for stem cells, but obviously, there are ethical concerns with that. It’s not really used anymore. We used to harvest fetal stem cells. There was a period where they were using aborted fetal tissue. Some people are very opposed to that. They passed a law that legalized the use of fetal tissue with the exception of a couple of established lines. There’re few countries where everything is fine. Possibly, you can get away with a lot of stuff in China. Do you think that there’s some important stuff that we’re missing in the US by not allowing that? For sure, but we’ve turned to other types of tissue. With mass manufacturing, as the regenerative medicine industry is starting to, they’ve found a way to start to scale up to levels that are able to produce pharmaceutical quantities. In some of the tissues that they’re looking at now, they can isolate stem cells from bone marrow, from adipose, which is fat tissue, and then placenta, which is the mesenchymal stem cells that I’ve had the most knowledge about. One in six Americans will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their life.Tweet You’re not getting them as fresh as they are in an embryo, but pretty close. Are you able to get stem cells from the fat in the knee? The issue is you’re getting stem cells from an adult that’s already of adult age. There’s still some floating around in there. Ideally, in theory, we’d like to have cells from a young individual with placental tissue. Mine are old and decrepit and they’re obviously dropout stem cells because they didn’t bother to turn into something else by now. With something like the placental stem cells, you’re generally getting them from a C-section. It’s tissue that would be generally discarded as medical waste to begin with, but you have a younger mother. Usually, ages 18 to late 20s is the optimum age. They essentially isolate the cells and they’re able to culture them in vitro and expand them out into larger cell lines that are capable of creating very large quantities of product that is, from a characterization standpoint, almost identical. There’s a variation from one woman’s placental cells to another. That’s the nature of biologics in general because it’s human-derived tissue. Even if you have the same process, you might end up with a slightly different composition of matter on the final product. Do you think that there are supply constraints on this or is there plenty of placental stem cells? There’s definitely some highly competitive market with human tissues in general. A lot of companies are getting exclusive contracts with the tissue procurers. There’re companies that their sole purpose is just to acquire birth tissue or organs, the whole organ market trade. There might be some screwy incentives there. Do you think it’s possible this explains why there has been a massive uptick in the number of C-sections performed? It’s not necessarily related to the organ market. The C-section issue is more of a convenience thing for the factory perspective where they’d like to get women in and out as fast as possible. There’s a huge amount of unnecessary C-sections. There’re some interesting books on the topic where they’ll push women into C-sections that are not medically necessary just because it’s faster. That’s what I heard but maybe not because they’re trying to get more placenta. There’re some laws in place regarding the sale of human organs. It’s done in a strange way where the mother of the child will give consent. Informed consent is one of the laws regarding human tissue acquisition. She has to sign. The way that they word it is, “I hereby donate my birth tissue for scientific research,” which is interesting because the way that’s worded you think it’s going to academia and you think it’s going to be, but a lot of this is going to for-profit mega-corporations. They don’t realize that their one placenta is probably going to make hundreds of thousands to over $1 million with a product. It’s a little bit misleading and it’s a little unfair, in my opinion, that they can’t legally compensate them. There’s a lot of steps required, with, for example, the American Association of Tissue Banks. When you receive the tissue, there’s an entire process of handling. It has to be kept at a specific storage. Sometimes there’s a sealing rinse or sometimes they’ll use an antibiotic rinse because sometimes there’s a little bit of exposure to different types of microorganisms from the skin when they do the C-section. Essentially, you want it as sterile as possible. You don’t want to introduce any sort of organisms into your cultures that you’re going to be using. With the exosomes, you’re culturing the stem cells for the explicit purpose of harvesting the exosomes and creating a cellular product. The final product is completely stem cell free, which is interesting. There’s been a lot of stem cell research. There are interesting therapeutic applications, but it’s with the gray market in the United States because there’s been a lot of adverse effects associated with the stem cells. That’s why you see a lot of people flying to Mexico or flying to another country for stem cells themselves. The issue is they’re allogeneic, meaning they’re coming from another human being, in which they could have an immune response in you because they have MHC Class II cell surface markers that the body may recognize as antigen. “This is a foreign tissue. It does not belong to me. It’s an invader.” The same situation with organ transplants. Sometimes the stem cells have transdifferentiated into the wrong type of tissue. For example, there was a scenario where a woman had some injected into her face. It migrated to her eye and transdifferentiated into osteocytes, which is bone. She ended up growing a chunk of bone in her eye. There was another, they were trying to cure paralysis in somebody with a spinal cord defect or spinal cord injury, a quadriplegic. The stem cell injection that they got overseas was from a bad line that turned into a large tumor mass that is extremely difficult to remove once it’s in the spinal cord. That’s a very serious area for surgery. In that case, if the reason it became a tumor was because of the stem cells that were used, and that you used a different stem cell from a different donor, maybe you would have had a different outcome? It’s possible it’s that the donor may have had a genetic defect. Sometimes when they mass culture these cells, they’ll do what’s called expansion, where the cells will divide and you’ll continuously divide them to additional passes. It’s called passaging. You’ll passage more and more, but after the cells have gone through this division stage through around 68 passages and beyond, that’s the point where you might get some genetic aberration. As with humans, after 6 or 8 generations, your grandkids are total assholes. In that case, from what you’ve said, if I understand, if it had been stem cells derived from a fetus, there’d be less risk of this kind of genetic passing of a tumor through a stem cell to a new person. It’s possible. I don’t have a whole lot of experience with fetal stem cells directly. The other thing is if you inject me with stem cells in my cheek and it crawls up to my eye and creates a bone and that’s not what I intended, how are you supposed to be telling these stem cells what they’re supposed to transmogrify into? That’s the interesting thing now is we aren’t quite at a place yet where we have full control. We inject into a site and we hope that it differentiates into what the neighboring cells are. The neighboring cells are releasing signaling molecules that will communicate and they know what they’re supposed to do. What they’re finding in research is that when people are getting these stem cell injections, initially, the mode of thinking was that, “When you get these injections, these live stem cells are ingrafting into the human and transdifferentiating into whatever tissue and exerting whatever the effects are that you’re aiming for.” There have been some studies showing that large portions of live cells that are injected actually die off very quickly. They don’t survive in the host. The exosomes being released from the injected stem cells are actually inferring most of the effects that we’re seeing. With exosomes, we’re able to cut out this middleman or this other product that has all these issues. Another issue with stem cells is their lives. You have to transport them at cryogenic temperatures. You have to have a whole Coltrane shipping and storage versus exosomes which are off the shelf, stable, and can be kept at slightly warmer temperatures for shorter periods of time. Let’s rewind here and explain what an exosome is. I don’t have a strong association with what an exosome is. Can you try and school me on that? E…

    Full show notes at the publisher

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