Breaking Walls

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BW - EP155—007: New York And The 1944 Radio World—Duffy's Tavern With Brooklynite Gene Tierney Sep 11, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers The woman you just heard is Gene Tierney. She was born on November 19th, 1920 in Brooklyn, New York. Raised in Connecticut, she excelled in poetry, took up student acting, and eventually spent two years attending school in Switzerland, where she learned to speak French. On a family trip to the West Coast, she visited Warner Bros. studios, where her cousin Gordon Hollingshead worked as a producer. Director Anatole Litvak, taken by her beauty, convinced Gene to take a screen test. Warner Brothers wanted to sign her, but her father convinced her to stay home, enter society, and become a theater actress. She studied acting in Greenwich Village and soon found herself getting increasing roles on Broadway along with reviews about her acting prowess and natural beauty. Eventually Gene’s father set up a company to fund her acting interests. She met Howard Hughes, who became a lifelong friend. In 1940 she starred as Patricia Stanley on Broadway in The Male Animal. Features in Life, Harper's Bazaar, and Vogue soon followed. Darryl Zanuck, head of 20th Century Fox, saw her both acting and later dancing at The Stork Club, and signed her to a contract. She debuted later that year in a supporting role, opposite Henry Fonda, in Fritz Lang's western, The Return of Frank James. By 1944 she’d made eleven films. That Autumn she wrapped up filming of Laura opposite Dana Andrews, Clifton Webb, and Vincent Price. Before its premiere in November she guest-starred on Duffy’s Tavern on Friday, September 22nd. The brainchild of star Ed Gardner, Duffy’s Tavern debuted as part of CBS’s Forecast pilot series in 1940. It was hailed by critics as the most-original comedy of 1941. The fictitious bar was allegedly located in Manhattan on 3rd avenue and 23rd street. It was the “eyesore of the East side” where the “elite meet to eat.” Duffy never made an appearance, but his frequent phone calls were a constant source of anxiety. Gardner’s heavily New York-accented Archie has inspired several characters in the years since, like Moe in The Simpsons. Eddie Green was Eddie, Marvin Miller announced, Sandra Gould was Miss Duffy, and Charlie Cantor was Finnegan. In September 1944 the show moved to NBC. This was the season’s second episode. It pulled a rating of 11.3. Roughly nine million people tuned in.

BW - EP155—006: New York And The 1944 Radio World—Jackie Gleason's Radio Debut 08/13/1944 Sep 09, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers John Herbert “Jackie” Gleason was born on February 26th, 1916, on Chauncey Street in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The younger of two children, his brother Clement died from meningitis at fourteen in 1919. Six years later his father left the family. Gleason’s mother Mae got a job as a subway attendant for the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation. Jackie spent his youth hustling pool and performing in class plays. He quit high school and took a job to perform at local theaters, putting on acts with friends, and then emceed at the Folly Theater. When Jackie was nineteen in 1935 his mother died from complications of sepsis. He worked his way up to a job at Manhattan’s Club 18. Jack Warner saw him, signing Gleason to a contract for two-hundred-fifty dollars per-week. Jackie married dancer Genevieve Halford on September 20th, 1936. The couple had two children: Geraldine, born in 1940, and Linda, born in 1942. Classified as 4-F and rejected for military service, by the summer of 1944 a twenty-eight year-old Gleason had appeared in films opposite Ann Sheridan, Humphrey Bogart, Edward G. Robinson, and Betty Grable. He also became known for hosting all-night parties in his hotel suite. His hotel soundproofed his apartment out of consideration for its other guests. NBC, seeing something in the brash, outspoken Brooklynite, added him to Double Feature, co-starring Les Tremayne and Alfred Drake, Sunday nights at 10:30PM. Rebranded The Les Tremayne-Jackie Gleason Show, he debuted this episode on August 13th, 1944. Edgar Bergen was the special guest. This is that debut. The show would air until October 22nd.

BW - EP155—005: New York And The 1944 Radio World—Harlem's Fight For Civil Rights Sep 06, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers Broadcast over WMCA in New York, New World A’ Coming was based on the work of journalist Roi Ottley. Ottley was a journalist for The Amsterdam News from 1931 to 1937 before joining The New York City Writers' Project as an editor. In 1943 Ottley published New World A-Coming: Inside Black America, which described life for African Americans in Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s. The book won the Life in America prize and a Peabody Award. Ottley became the national CIO War Relief Committee publicity director in 1943 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the US Army in 1944. Meanwhile his book was adapted for this radio series over WMCA, which pushed for equal rights and better racial communication. The frequent narrator was boxer and actor Canada Lee. On Sunday June 4th, 1944 at 3PM eastern time, in honor of Harlem Week, New World A’ Coming broadcast a story called “Life in the Ghetto” to draw attention to the kind of social plights African Americans had to deal with in New York. Two days after this broadcast the Normandy Invasion began. Roi Ottley would cover that event as well as the hanging of Mussolini the following year.

BW - EP155—004: New York And The 1944 Radio World—Orson Welles In New York: A Tapestry For Radio Sep 04, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers The man you just heard is Norman Corwin. The piece of his, which Orson Welles is narrating, that you’ve heard thus far throughout this episode of Breaking Walls, is “New York: A Tapestry For Radio.” The first broadcast of this piece originally aired on May 16th, 1944 as part of a City Trilogy within CBS’ Columbia Presents Corwin. That version had Martin Gabel as narrator. One year later it was rebroadcast with Welles taking over for Mr. Gabel. By 1944 Norman Corwin had free rein over his productions. In six years he’d gone from a network rookie to the most-lauded creator on the air. He was now the poet-laureate of radio, a nickname which would stick with him the rest of his life. One of his favorite people to work with was Orson Welles. I’ve recently covered Norman Corwin in great detail within episode 153 of Breaking Walls. For more info, please tune into that. In the meantime, here’s the rest of “New York: A Tapestry for Radio.”

BW - EP155—003: New York And The 1944 Radio World—The Fleet Post Office And The Hotel Dixie Sep 01, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers It’s February 1944 and we’re in the U.S. Fleet Post Office at 80 Varick Street. 80 Varick Street is in the Hudson Square area of Manhattan just north of Canal Street and southeast of the Holland Tunnel to New Jersey. The street itself is named for Richard Varick, an early New York lawmaker, landowner, and mayor from 1789 to 1801. The Fleet Post Office was established on July 1st, 1943. Previously, mail addressed to naval personnel serving overseas was handled by Navy mailmen at the Morgan Annex of the New York General Post Office. When CBS’ World News Today signed on Sunday February 20th, 1944 at 2:30PM eastern time, the allied forces had just begun “Big Week,” a six-day strategic bombing campaign against the Third Reich. By the time it ended on February 25th, German cities Rostock and Augsburg had been bombed, as well as several Dutch cities near the German border. The Germans also lost more than three-hundred-fifty aircrafts, and most importantly, more than one-hundred pilots. Lieutenant. A. E. Newton is in charge of this post office, but with forces in the European Theater growing larger by the day, it was already obvious this post-office has reached max capacity. Space was being acquired on Pier 51 of the Hudson River to handle the expected increase of letters and parcels to fighting servicemen. Here’s Bill Slocum Jr. at the Fleet Post Office discussing how V-Mail works. In September 1944 the Parcel Post Section was moved to Pier 51. The Fleet Post Office continued until the end of the War. By January 1946, with many troops home, most of its functions had been moved back to the General Post Office. World News Today’s sponsor, The Admiral Corporation, was originally known as the Transformer Corporation of America. By 1929 it was the biggest supplier of radio parts in the world. Bankruptcy ensued, but in 1936 owner Ross D. Siragusa purchased the right to change the name to Admiral Corporation America Inc. They began sponsoring World News Today in 1942. For a longer look at the news from this week, tune into Breaking Walls episode 148. Meanwhile, as the weather warmed on April 6th, 1944 the U.S. celebrated “Army Day,” while Al Trace and His Silly Symphonists took to the air over Mutual Broadcasting from the Plantation Room in the Dixie Hotel. The Dixie Hotel opened on West 43rd street between 7th and 8th avenue in 1930. It featured one-thousand rooms and a bus terminal which occupied the entire ground floor. Buses arriving at the terminal would drive onto a turntable, which would then rotate to the proper slip. Two sets of doors, one on either side of the terminal, led from the loading area to the waiting room. The waiting room had a cafe, newsstand, ticket booths, and elevators leading to the hotel's lobby. The hotel was developed by the Uris Buildings Corporation, which announced plans for the site in September 1928. A year after it opened it was foreclosed on. The Bowery Savings Bank ran it until in 1942, when the Dixie became part of the Carter Hotels chain. That year the Dixie Lounge Bar opened on the first floor. Decorated in a Southern Colonial style, it could be accessed from the lobby, the dining room, and directly from the street. The nightclub, along with the adjacent Plantation Room restaurant, fit five-hundred people. The Bus depot became redundant when the Port Authority Bus Terminal opened nearby in 1950. It was closed in 1957. Carter attempted to rehabilitate the hotel several times, even renaming it The Carter Hotel in 1976. They sold it the next year. New Yorkers knew this hotel as one of the worst in the city. It was closed in 2014.

BW - EP155—002: New York And The 1944 Radio World—Bob Hope, Joan Leslie & Dennis Day In Central Park Aug 30, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers Our first stop is January, 1944. We’re at Central Park. By 1944 Central Park, nearly one-hundred years old, was in the midst of renewal. Parks Commissioner Robert Moses had spent the past decade developing playgrounds, ballfields, handball courts, and other working class elements. In 1943 the restoration of the Harlem Meer was completed. "Please Keep off the Grass" signs, which had once dotted the meadows, were a thing of the past. Why are we in Central Park? Because over on the west coast, on Saturday January 22nd, Bob Hope, Dennis Day, and Joan Leslie appeared in a skit for Command Performance entitled “She Slapped His Face Under The Elevated Because He Only Had A One-Track Mind.” It was set in Central Park. In January of 1944 Bob Hope was radio’s top comedian. His own show rating that month was 34.6. More than twenty-six million people were tuning in to hear him each week. Hope spent most of his time entertaining troops. For more info on Bob Hope in 1944, please tune into Breaking Walls episode 148. Five days after D-Day on June 11th, 1944, the park opened Weapons of War: An Exhibit of the Army Service Forces on the Great Lawn. Over the next two weeks, six-hundred thousand people came to see displays contrasting America’s War Equipment with that of the Axis. The exhibit was organized by units: The Quartermaster Corps, the Chemical Warfare Service, the Medical Department, the Signal Corps, Ordnance, the Corps of Engineers, and the Transportation Corps. Each hour a flamethrower demonstration was staged for a grandstand which seated twenty-five-hundred people. The expo was in conjunction with the fifth War Bond Drive. #podcast #oldradioshows #oldtimeradio #historypodcast #oldtimeradioshows #editorial #1944 #centralpark #bobhope #joanleslie #dennisday

BW - EP155—001: New York And The 1944 Radio World—Why I'm Here—Breaking Walls' 10th Anniversary Aug 28, 2024

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https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers I’ve mentioned a few times before within Breaking Walls episodes that I try to be as unbiased as possible. I want Breaking Walls to be a true documentary, so I leave the op-eds for everyone else. But this is my tenth anniversary as a podcaster so I’ll share. I spent the first ten years of my life living in a house where the people there were born between 1918 and 1989. It was in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. There was a park across the street. Around 1900 that park wouldn’t have been there. It would have been Indian Pond. Who knows how many thousands of years people congregated at that pond. My great-grandmother was in my life until I was 24. She grew up on Cherry Street in Manhattan's Lower East Side. By the time I came along everyone had heard her stories ten times over, but I loved sitting with her, playing cards and sharing bagels with Country Crock Shedspread, while she told me about her Italian immigrant parents, living through the depression and World War II. She had mixed feelings about Mussolini, but was a deep supporter of FDR. She loved Lawrence Welk and watched Jeopardy and Wheel of Fortune. Her father was a believer in women’s rights and a huge New York Giants baseball fan. He died of a heart attack on June 26th, 1951, one hundred days before Bobby Thompson’s shot heard round the world. The interesting thing is, I have no recollection of talking to her about the radio shows she loved to listen to in the 1930s and 40s. Her second daughter is my grandmother. Tough, outspoken, smart, she takes no guff from anyone and can curse with the best of them. Her husband, my grandfather, was the person I spent the most time with, playing baseball, going to Coney Island, and eventually, introducing me to radio shows on Christmas Day 1999. He was the 9th of 11 kids from an Irish Catholic family in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. What was his favorite radio show growing up? Thanks to him, I’ve spent the past twenty-five years listening to radio shows from the “Golden Age of Radio” be they comedy, drama, detective, western, soap opera, news broadcasts or otherwise. Occasionally, someone with my last name would crop up, like on the Saturday, May 12th, 1951 episode of Broadway is My Beat. I’ve spent the past seven years making monthly documentaries on radio history; More than eighty of them now. One a month, without fail. I’ve also found the time to write new audio fiction, like Burning Gotham, the historical fiction audio soap opera set in 1835 New York City. It was a 2022 Tribeca Film Festival audio selection. People often don’t know how to introduce me at professional functions. Am I a radio historian? Audio fiction developer? Director? Narrator? Actor? Like a lot of people who figure something out on their own, I’m a little bit of everything. I’m now as much a New York historian as I am a radio historian. I guess all roads do lead home. I’ve won awards, been complimented and critiqued, passed up social and other life opportunities, and you know what, I found direction, not just through a hobby, but with some kind of desire that burns deep inside of myself. It’s what I wanted ten years ago. Or maybe it’s because I can’t share these documentaries with my grandfather anymore. He’s out there in the ether somewhere. I hope he tunes in once in a while. The flame doesn’t always burn with the same degree of brightness. I’m a New Yorker. Ambitious unmonetized hobbies are like masochistic anchors. Would stopping this be an act of cowardice or would it lighten the load? Any time I want to pack up and move on I think, how can I? I want to help preserve and grow this medium, both creatively and financially. Blood of my blood, flesh of my flesh. If I’m in for a penny, I’m in for a pound. Would my 2014 self be proud seeing where I’ve come to? Ultimately, yes. That’s the thing about running on the treadmill to oblivion, you don’t always go where you want to, but you get in shape doing it.

BW - EP154—012: Stars On Suspense In 1944—Looking Ahead To The 10th Anniversary Of Breaking Walls Aug 14, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers That brings our look at the early years of Suspense to a close. Suspense would remain a hollywood production until the waning days of radio drama in 1959 when Bill Robson was directing it and this happened. Ordinarily here’s where you’d get a sneak peek at next month’s episode of Breaking Walls. Next month’s episode, however, is significant. Sometimes you’ve got to go back to the beginning in order to know where you’ve been. Next month on Breaking Walls we celebrate the tenth anniversary of the show with what? Well, I can’t reveal everything, you’ll just have to stay tuned.

BW - EP154—011: Stars on Suspense in 1944—Listen to Cary Grant in "The Black Curtain," 11/30/44 Aug 12, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers Back on December 2nd, 1943 when Suspense first became sponsored by Roma Wines, the script chosen for the first Roma episode was “The Black Curtain” starring Cary Grant. Of the performance Grant said, “If I ever do any more radio work, I want to do it on Suspense, where I get a good chance to act.” The just-heard Lurene Tuttle felt the same way about acting in radio. On November 30th, 1944 Grant was back on Suspense for a repeat performance of “The Black Curtain.” He requested that Lurene Tuttle join him again as the female lead. “The Black Curtain” is an adaptation of a Cornell Woolrich story about a man who wakes up after a fall on a city sidewalk and realizes he can’t remember his name or events of the last three years. He soon learns he’s been accused of murder. Somehow he has to prove his innocence, which means finding the real killer. The repeat performance wasn’t initially planned. The original script, “To Find Help” starring Frank Sinatra had to be postponed due to a scheduling conflict. Grant happened to be available and it also happened to be the one-year anniversary of Roma’s sponsorship. More than eight million people heard this broadcast. The cast features the aforementioned Lurene Tuttle, Wally Maher, Pat McGeehan, Harry Lang, and a young Conrad Binyon, who had previously played an uncredited part in The Howards of Virginia with Grant. Binyon was amazed that Cary Grant remembered him.

BW - EP154—010: Stars on Suspense in 1944—Listen To Lena Horne star in "You Were Wonderful," 11/9/44 Aug 09, 2024

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Support Breaking Walls at https://www.patreon.com/thewallbreakers By November of 1944 Suspense was pulling a rating of 10.4. There were now more than eight million people tuning in. Roma wines was satisfied as Suspense was providing stiff competition to The Frank Morgan Show running opposite on NBC Thursday nights at 8PM eastern time. On November 9th Lena Horne guest-starred in a Robert L. Richards script called “You Were Wonderful” about the murder of a nightclub singer in South America. Horne is the visiting American singer intent on solving the crime. Lena Horne was born on June 30th, 1917 in Brooklyn, New York. Both sides of her family were multi-racial with both African and Native American heritage. Her father Teddy was a one-time owner of a restaurant and hotel while her mother Edna was an actress with a traveling theater troupe. As a young girl Lena’s father left the family to move to Pittsburgh, while Lena traveled with her mother around the country before returning to New York City when she was twelve. Lena dropped out of high school at sixteen and joined the chorus line at the Cotton Club. In 1935 she made her first screen appearance as a dancer in Cab Calloway’s musical short Jitterbug Party. She got married in 1937, but soon separated from her husband, first touring with bandleader Charlie Barnet in 1940 before returning to New York to work at Cafe Society in Greenwich Village. She soon replaced Dinah Shore as vocalist on NBC's The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street and recorded with Henry Levine and Paul Laval, in June 1941 for RCA Victor. Horne then left New York City for Hollywood, being hired to perform in a Cotton Club-style revue for Cafe Trocadero on the Sunset Strip. In 1942, when she became the first African-American with a major studio contract, it was with the understanding that she wouldn’t be obligated to portray servants—a condition that handicapped her entrée into mainstream Hollywood movies. She soon appeared in the films Panama Hattie, Cabin in the Sky, Stormy Weather, Thousands Cheer, Swing Feever, Broadway Rhythm, and Two Girls and a Sailor. With the exceptions of Cabin in the Sky and Stormy Weather, Lena’s early screen appearances were often designed as standalone musical numbers that could easily be cut out in prejudice Southern markets unaccepting of African American performers. Horne’s Suspense appearance was big news. Both Spier and his wife Kay Thompson, a friend who worked with her at MGM, pressed the movie studio to allow her to headline the show. Network executives at CBS were concerned that Roma might pull its contract if Southern stations didn’t want to air the program. Thompson agreed to appear as Horne’s uncredited backup singer in three musical numbers, which Thompson arranged. MGM’s publicity department got to work and given the unfortunate day’s climate, Horne’s appearance was heralded as one of the more daring and successful half hours of network drama at the time. She is the first and only African American to headline Suspense. “It was an event of terrific importance to Lena,” noted Movieland magazine, “for the first time a performance of hers was judged on merit alone; she was announced only as the star of the play, without reference to her race.” Spier noted that in the studio, Lena “seemed so poised, so sure of herself and her every speech, so business-like in her approach to the role.” However when she grabbed his hand for encouragement, she was ice cold. Part of it was performance nerves, but a lot of it came from the anxiety of getting the chance to publicly justify her talent. Horne later said, “Bill was marvelous and intelligent. Anyone married to Kay would have to be strong.” It was an especially memorable and proud evening for members of the African-American community who were glued to their radios in record numbers.

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