Bedside Rounds

Latest Episodes:

41 - Animal Magnetism Dec 17, 2018

Show notes

Mesmerism has had an outsize influence on medicine, despite the rapid rise and fall of its inventor Dr. Franz Mesmer and hostility from the medical establishment. This curious story covers the healing powers of magnets, secret societies in pre-Revolutionary France, fundamental questions about what makes someone alive, and one of the most fascinating medical investigations in history led by a dream team of Benjamin Franklin, Lavoisier, and Guillotine on behalf of King Louis XVI. Plus, a #AdamAnswers about the origin of the phrase "Code Blue."

Sources:

Damton R. Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968.
Dyer R, Mesmerism, Ancient and Modern. Victorian Web.
Franklin B et al, The Reports of the Royal Commission on Mesmer's System of Animal Magnetism and other contemporary documents, James Lind Library, translated by Iml Donaldson. Retrieved online at https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/the_royal_commission_on_animal_-_translated_by_iml_donaldson_1.pdf
Lanska JT and Lanska DJ, Mesmer, Franz. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, 2014, pp 1106-1107.
Lanska DJ and Lanksa JT, Franz Anton Mesmer and the Rise and Fall of Animal Magnetism: Dramatic Cures, Controversy, and Ultimately a Triumph for the Scientific Method. Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience pp 301-320
"Mesmerism," Boston Med Surg J 1837; 17:185-187
Normandin S, Visions of Vitalism: Medicine, Philosophy and the Soul in NineteenthCentury France, October 2005
Shermer, M, Testing the Claims of Mesmerism: The First Scientific Investigation of the Paranormal Ever Conducted. Skeptic, retrieved online at https://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-09-22/
Sollberg, G. Vitalism and Vital Force in Life Sciences – The Demise and Life of a Scientific Conception
Weckowicz TE and Liebel-Weckowicz HP, 7 Nineteenth Century: Vitalist-Mechanist and Psychic-Somatic Controversies. Advances in Psychology, Volume 66, 1990, Pages 109-152

Youtube videos of the Armonica:

Adagio for Glass Armonica, Mozart: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkTUL7DjTow
Rutgers video on history of Armonica: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdtLK9pAh5k

40 - Phage Nov 12, 2018

Show notes

Bacteriophages -- viruses that target and kill bacteria -- were one of the most promising medical treatments of the early 20th century, and were used to treat all sorts of infections, from cholera to staph, and everything in between. But by the 1950s, they had all but died out in the West. This episode tells the story of the humble phage, from its discovery in the waters of the Ganges, love trysts ending in a KGB execution, and to a resurgence of this once forgotten therapy in the 21st century as an answer to antibiotic resistance.

Sources:

Abedon ST, Bacteriophage prehistory: Is or is not Hankin, 1896, a phage reference? Bacteriophage. 2011 May-Jun; 1(3): 174–178.
Blair JE and Williams REO, "Phage Typing of Staphylococci," Bull Org mond. Ste, 1961, 24, 771-784.
Davis BM and Waldor MK, Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholera, Current Opinion in Microbiology 2003, 6:35-42.
d'Herelle F, "Bacteriophage as a treatment in acute medical and surgical infections," Bull N Y Acad Med. 1931 May; 7(5): 329–348.
d'Herelle F. Sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des baccilles dysenteriques. CR Acad Sci Paris 1917,163,173-5.
Eaton MD, Bayne-Jones S. Bacteriophage Therapy. JAMA 1934; 103:1769-76; 1847-53; 1934-9.
Fruciano DE and Bourne S, Phage as an antimicrobial agent: d'Herelle's heretical theories and their role in the decline of phage prophylaxis in the West, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2007 Jan; 18(1): 19–26
Hankin EH. L'action bactericide des eaux de la Jumna at du Gange sur le vibrion du cholere. Ann Int Pasteur (Paris) 1896,10,511-23.
Himmelweit F. Combined action of penicillin and bacteriophage on Staphylococci. Lancet. 1945;ii:104.
Hicks DJ et al, "Developments in rabies vaccines," Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 Sep; 169(3): 199–204.
Kingwell K, Bacteriophage therapies re-enter clinical trials, Nature, Vol 14, Aug 2015, 515.
Jensen MA et al, Modeling the role of bacteriophage in the control of cholera outbreaks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 21; 103(12): 4652–4657.
Hargreaves KR and Clokie MRJ, Clostridium difficile phages: still difficult? Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 28;5:184.
La Fee S and Buschman H, Novel Phage Therapy Saves Patient with Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infection. Retrieved from: https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2017-04-25-novel-phage-therapy-saves-patient-with-multidrug-resistant-bacterial-infection.aspx
Leitner L et al, Bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. BMC Urol. 2017 Sep 26;17(1):90.
Pearce J, Louis Pasteur and Rabies: a brief note, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002;73:82.
Schooley et al, Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy, 14 Aug 2017.
Strathdee S, How Sewage Saved My Husband's Life from a Superbug, TEDxNashville, retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbAZU8FqzX4.
Summers WC, Bacteriophage Therapy, Annual Review of Microbiology, Vol. 55:437-451 (Volume publication date October 2001)
Summers WC, The strange history of phage therapy. Bacteriophage. 2012 Apr 1; 2(2): 130–133.
Taylor M.W. (2014) Introduction: A Short History of Virology. In: Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions. Springer, Cham
Thiel, K. (2004). Old dogma, new tricks—21st Century phage therapy. Nature Biotechnology, 22(1), 31–36.
Twort FW, An investigation on the nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses, The Lancet, Jan 10th, 1914. 101.
Wittebole X et al, A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014 Jan 1; 5(1): 226–235.
Ujmajuridze et al, Adapted Bacteriophages for Treating Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol. 2018; 9: 1832.
Ventola CL, "The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats," P T. 2015 Apr; 40(4): 277–283.

39 - The White Plague Oct 08, 2018

Show notes

Tuberculosis has been humanity's oldest and greatest killer. Starting at the turn of the nineteenth century, the White Plague was decimating entire generations in the crowded and unclean cities of Europe, North America, and across the globe. But as medical science learned more about the disease, doctors and reformers developed new ways to combat it, most notably specialized tuberculosis hospitals that sought to heal their patients with fresh air, rest, and a nutritious diet. This episode discusses the sanatorium movement and the gradual conquest of tuberculosis, long before effective antibiotic therapy existed. Along the way we're going to talk about the King's Evil, the dangers of rebreathed air, the healing powers of mountains, and the social determinants of health. Plus, a brand new #AdamAnswers about maternal placentophagy. All this and more on Episode 39 of Bedside Rounds, monthly podcast on the weird, wonderful, and intensely human stories that have shaped modern medicine, brought to you in partnership with the American College of Physicians. To claim CME and MOC credit, please go to www.acponline.org/BedsideRounds.

Sources:

Adams, J. F. Alleyne. "The Segregation of Consumptives." The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 157, no. 2 (1907): 35-40.
Barberis I et al, The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus, J Prev Med Hyg. 2017 Mar; 58(1): E9–E12.
Bertolaccini et al, Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: the phoenix of thoracic surgery? J Thorac Dis. 2013 Apr; 5(2): 198–199.
CDC: World TB Day 2018, retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/worldtbday/history.htm
Cox GL. Sanatorium treatment contrasted with home treatment. After-histories of 4,067 cases. Br J Tuberc 1923; 17:27–30.
Coyle CW et al, Placentophagy: Therapeutic Miracle or Myth? Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Oct; 18(5): 673–680.
Daniel TM, Hermann Brehmer and the origins of tuberculosis sanatoria, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011 Feb; 15(2):161-2.
Daniel TM, Jean-Antoine Villemin and the infectious nature of tuberculosis, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 19(3):267–268
Daniel TM, "The history of tuberculosis," Respiratory Medicine (2006) 100, 1862–1870.
Daniel VS and Daniel TM,, Old Testament Biblical References to Tuberculosis, linical Infectious Diseases, Volume 29, Issue 6, 1 December 1999, Pages 1557–1558.
Davies RPO, Tocque K, Bellis MA, Rimmington T, Davies PDO. Historical declines in tuberculosis in England and Wales: improving social conditions or natural selection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3:1051–4.
Dormandy T, The White: A History of Tuberculosis, 1999.
Farr et al, "Human Placentophagy: A review," AJOG, April 2018.
Frith J, History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague. J Mil Vet Health, 22,2.
Gaensler EA. The surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;125:73–84.
Grigg RN. (1958), The arcana of tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc Resp Dis; 78:151-172.
Hayman J, "Mycobacterium Ulcerans: An infection from Jurassic Time?" The Lancet, Nov 3, 1984.
Holloway-Kew KL et al, Lessons from history of socioeconomic improvements: A new approach to treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, Journal of Biosocial Science 46(5):1-21, October 2013.
Jacobaeus HC. The Cauterization of Adhesions in Artificial Pneumothorax Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis under Thoracoscopic Control. Proc R Soc Med 1923;16:45-62
Morse D, Brothwell DR, Ucko PJ. Tuberculosis in ancient Egypt. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1964;90:524–541.
Murray JF. Bill Dock and the location of pulmonary tuberculosis: how bed rest might have helped consumption. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1029–1033.
Murray JF. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the cause of consumption: from discovery to fact. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169: 1086–1088.
Murray JF, Sanatoriums and climate, The Lancet Infectious Disease, Vol 16, Issue 7, P786, July 01, 2016.
Murray JF. The white plague: down and out, or up and coming? J. Burns Amberson Lecture. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1788–1795.
Murray JF et al, "Treatment of Tuberculosis. A Historical Perspective," Annals of the American Thoracic Society. Vol. 12, No. 12 , Dec 01, 2015.
Pomerantz M. Surgery for the management of mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the lung. In: Shields TW, Lo Cicero J, Ponn RB, et al. eds. General Thoracic Surgery, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA; 2005:1251-61.
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, A concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in South India, Bull World Health Organ. 1959; 21(1): 51–144.
Warren P, The evolution of the sanatorium: the first half-century, 1854-1904, Can Bull Med Hist. 2006;23(2):457-76.

0 - Introduction Sep 10, 2018

Show notes

Many podcasts start with an "Episode 0", basically a mission statement for the podcast. Well, better late than never! This episode explores why I make Bedside Rounds, my philosophy about medical history, and a little bit about who I am and my research methods. Hopefully listeners new and old alike will find it interesting!

38 - Blood on the Tracks (PopMed #2) Sep 10, 2018

Show notes

The first population study in history was born out of a dramatic debate involving leeches, "medical vampires," professional rivalries, murder accusations, and, of course, bloodletting, all in the backdrop of the French Revolution. The second of a multipart series on the development of population medicine, this episode contextualizes Pierre Louis' "numerical method," his famous trial on bloodletting, and the birth of a new way for doctors to "know". Plus a brand new #AdamAnswers about Occam's razor and Hickam's Dictum. All this and more on Episode 38 of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine! To claim CME and MOC credit, please go to www.acponline.org/BedsideRounds.

Best M and Neuhauser D, "Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis: Master of the spirit of mathematical clinical science," Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14:462–464.
Duffin J, "Laennec and Broussias: The 'Sympathetic' Duel," from La Berge A and Hannaway C, Paris Medicine: Perspective Past and Present.
(1977) The French Revolution: A Revolution in Medicine, Too, Hospital Practice, 12:11, 127-138
Hillard A, et al. "Occam's Razor versus Saint's Triad, N Engl J Med 2004;350:599-603.
Lo Re V 3rd, Bellini LM, William of Occam and Occam's razor. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Apr 16;136(8):634-5.
Kirk GW and Pemberton N. Leech, 2013
Kirk GW and Pemberton N, Re-imagining Bleeders: The Medical Leech in the Nineteenth Century Bloodletting Encounter. Med Hist. 2011 Jul; 55(3): 355–360.
La Berge A and Hannaway C, Paris Medicine: Perspective Past and Present.
Louis PCA. Researches On The Effects Of Bloodletting In Some Inflammatory Diseases. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1836.
Morabia A. PCA Louis and the birth of clinical epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49: 1327-33
Morabia A, Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting. J R Soc Med. 2006 Mar; 99(3): 158–160.
Niehyl PH. The English bloodletting revolution, or modem medicine before 1950. Bull Hist Med 1977; 51, pp. 464-483.
Papavramidou N and Christopolou-Aletra H, Medicinal use of leeches in the texts of ancient Greek, Roman and early Byzantine writers. Intern Med J. 2009 Sep;39(9):624-7.
"Suckers for Success," Nature volume 484, page 416 (26 April 2012).
"Walter Chatton," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/walter-chatton/
Wardrop D, "Ockham's Razor: sharpen or re-sheathe?" J R Soc Med. 2008 Feb; 101(2): 50–51.

37 - Let It Bleed (PopMed #1) Aug 06, 2018

Show notes

For thousands of years, bloodletting was the standard of care for any number of medical conditions, but at the turn of the nineteenth century, often acrimonious debates about the practice would lead to a new method of medical knowledge. The first of a multi-part series on the birth of population medicine, this episode visits the controversies surrounding the death of George Washington and Benjamin Rush's bleeding of Philadelphia during the 1793 yellow fever epidemic and asks the big question -- how do doctors truly "know" what actually helps their patients? Plus, a brand new #AdamAnswers about military metaphors in medicine. All this and more on Episode 37 of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine!

Sources:

Brickell J, Observations on the Medical Treatment of General Washington in His Illness, retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=YXA3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=craik+dick+washington+medical+repository&source=bl&ots=IZB72sSdaS&sig=kUY0JZHft1HbRrarR9RE4r-2w_A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3PT439TcAhVOxVkKHZPHBVQQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cohen B, The death of George Washington (1732-99) and the history of cynanche. J Med Biogr. 2005 Nov;13(4):225-31.
Craik J and Dick E, The Medical Repository and Review of American Publications onSurgery, Third Quarter, 1805.
Fuks A, "The Miliary Metaphors of Modern Medicine," 2009.
Harington J, Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum (ca. 11th c.), retrieved from https://faculty.humanities.uci.edu/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/week3f.html
Kopperman P, "Venerate the Lancet": Benjamin Rush's Yellow Fever Therapyin Context. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume 78, Number 3, Fall 2004, pp.539-574
Lane HP et al, "The war against dementia: are we battle weary yet?" Age and Ageing, Volume 42, Issue 3, 1 May 2013, Pages 281–283.
Moed et al, "Cantharidin Revisited: A Blistering Defense of an Ancient Medicine," JAMA Dermatology, October 2001.
Morens DM, Death of a President, NEJM Dec 9, 1999
Niehyl PH. The English bloodletting revolution, or modem medicine before 1950. Bull Hist Med 1977; 51, pp. 464-483.
North RL, "Benjamin Rush, MD: assassin or beloved healer?" Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2000 Jan; 13(1): 45–49.
Parapia LA, History of bloodletting by phlebotomy. British Journal of Haematology Volume 143, Issue 4
Rush, Benjamin. Observations Upon the Origin of the Malignant Bilious, or Yellow Fever in Philadelphia, and Upon the Means of Preventing It: Addressed to the Citizens of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Printed by Budd and Bartram, for Thomas Dobson, at the Stone House, No. 41, South Second Street., 1799, retrieved from: https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:6483213$1i
Wallenborn WM, George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington, retrieved from: http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/history/articles/illness/

36 - Filth Parties Jul 05, 2018

Show notes

The southern United States was hit by a dramatic epidemic of a mysterious disease called pellagra in the early twentieth century. This episode discusses the cultural and scientific sources of the outbreak -- from the cotton fields of the south, to the cow pastures of rural Germany, to the river basins of Uganda -- and the incredible lengths a young doctor named Joseph Goldberger went through to try and put an end to this plague. Plus, a new #AdamAnswers about the source of the name "internal medicine." All this and more on episode 36 of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine!

Bean WB, "Origin of the Term Internal Medicine," N Engl J Med 1982; 306:182-183
Blevins SM and Bronze MS, Robert Koch and the 'golden age' of bacteriology, Int J of Inf Dis, Vol 14, #9, Sep 2010.
Bloomfield AL, "The origin of the term 'internal medicine," JAMA, April 4, 1959.
Bressani R et al, Corn Nutrient Losses, Chemical Changes in Corn during Preparation of Tortillas, J Agr and Food Chem, 6, 10, 770-774.
Brim CJ. Job's Illness: Pellagra. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 1942;45:371-6.
Carpenter KJ, The relationship of pellagra to corn and the low availability of niacin in cereals, Experientia Suppl. 1983;44:197-222.
Clay K et al, Rise and Fall of Pellagra in the American South.
Elmore JG and Feinstein AR, Joseph Goldberger: An Unsung Hero of American Clinical Epidemiology, Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:372-375.
Goldberger J. The transmissibility of pellagra: Experimental attempts at transmission to human subjects. Public Health Rep. 1916;31:3159–73
Goldberger J. Public Health Reports, June 26, 1914. The etiology of pellagra. The significance of certain epidemiological observations with respect thereto. Public Health Rep. 1914;29(26):1683–1686.
Goldberger J, Wheeler GA, Sydenstricker E. A study of the relation of diet to pellagra incidence in seven textile-mill communities of South Carolina in 1916. Public Health Rep. 1920;35(12):648–713.
Goldberger J, Waring CH, Willets DG, et al. The Treatment and Prevention of Pellagra. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1914.
Goldberger J, Wheeler GA. Experimental pellagra in the human subject brought about by a restricted diet. Public Health Rep. 1915;30(46):3336–3339.
Harris HF: Ankylostomiasis in an individual presenting all of the typical symptoms of pellagra. Am Med 1902; 4:99-100, retrieved from:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c3312358;view=1up;seq=107;size=125
Lavinder CH, Pellagra, The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 13, No. 10 (Jul., 1913), pp. 746-754.
MacNeal WJ, The Alleged Production of Pellagra by an Unbalanced Diet, JAMA. 1916;LXVI(13):975-977.
Middleton J, Pellagra and the blues song 'Cornbread, meat and black molasses'. J R Soc Med. 2008 Nov 1; 101(11): 569–570.
Mooney et al, The Thompson-McFadden Commission and Joseph Goldberger: Contrasting 2 Historical Investigations of Pellagra in Cotton Mill Villages in South Carolina. Am J Epidemiol. 2014 Aug 1; 180(3): 235–244.
Morabia A (2006). Joseph Goldberger's research on the prevention of pellagra. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
Niles GM. Pellagraphobia: A word of caution. JAMA. 1912;58:1341.
Roberts CS, Goldberger and the Mal de la Rosa, Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition.
Roberts SR, SAMBON'S NEW THEORY OF PELLAGRA AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA, JAMA. 1911;LVI(23):1713-1715.
Searcy GH: An epidemic of acute pellagra. Transactions of the Medical Association of Alabama, 1907, pp 387-393
Wacher, C. (2003). Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology to process maize at small-scale with great potential for improving the nutritional quality of maize based foods.

The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Jun 04, 2018

Show notes

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle considered The Adventure of the Speckled Band to be his best Holmes story, and Adam does too. Meant to be a companion to Episode 35 (Sherlock), this is the story in its entirety. THIS IS NOT AN EPISODE! It's Adam reading for almost 50 minutes. Consider yourself forewarned!

35 - Sherlock Jun 04, 2018

Show notes

Why do doctors love Sherlock Holmes so much? In this episode, we'll explore this endearing, nerdy obsession with the good detective, from Holmes' medical origins and influences, the parallels with medical reasoning, and how the Holmes stories still influence medicine to this day. Plus a new #AdamAnswers about the origin of the white coat. All this and more in Episode 35 of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine!

Sources:

Blumhagen DW, "The Doctor's White Coat," Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol 91, No. 1, July 1979.
Conan Doyle A, "The Adventure of the Speckled Band," retrieved from https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/spec.pdf
Hochberg MS, "The Doctor's White Coat -- an Historical Perspective," Virtual Mentor. April 2007, Volume 9, Number 4: 310-314.
Levine D, Revalidating Sherlock Holmes for a role in medical education.Clin Med April 1, 2012 vol. 12
McDaniels, AK, "In change in tradition, Johns Hopkins interns will no longer wear short white coats," Baltimore Sun, retrieved from http://www.baltimoresun.com/health/bs-hs-short-white-coat-20180328-story.html
Oderwald AK, Sebus JH. The physician and Sherlock Holmes. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1991;84:151–2.
Perry S, "It takes a medical Sherlock Holmes to solve complex neurological mysteries," MinnPost, retrieved from https://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2013/09/it-takes-medical-sherlock-holmes-solve-complex-neurological-mysteries
Peschel RE, Peschel E. What physicians have in common with Sherlock Holmes: discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1989;82:33–6.
Rapezzi C, Ferrari R, Branzi A. White coats and fingerprints: diagnostic reasoning in medicine and investigative methods of fictional detectives. BMJ 2005;331:1491–4 FREE Full Textno. 2 146-149.
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Snyder LJ, "Sherlock Holmes: scientific detective," Endeavor, Vol. 28 No.3 September 2004.
Whitaker P, "Had Sherlock Holmes gone into medicine, he'd have been a dermatologist," New Statesman, retrieved from https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/health/2018/03/had-sherlock-holmes-gone-medicine-he-d-have-been-dermatologist

34 - The Physical May 04, 2018

Show notes

The physical exam has become a ritual of the modern doctor's appointment, with pokes, prods, and strange tools. How did this become a normal thing to do? In this episode, I'll discuss how the physical exam went from the medieval examination of a flask of urine to basically what we have today in just a few decades in early 19th century France, and how the exam is still developing in the 21st century. Plus, a brand new #AdamAnswers about why Americans insist on using the Hermes' Staff as a symbol for medicine. All this and more in episode 34 of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine!

Sources:

Antic T, DeMay RM. "The fascinating history of urine examination," Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology (2014) 3, 103e107
Ghasemzadeh N and Zafari AM, "A Journey into the History of the Arterial Pulse," Cardiology Research and Practice Volume 2011 (2011).
McGee S, Evidence Based Physical Diagnosis 4th edition. Amazon link: https://www.amazon.com/Evidence-Based-Physical-Diagnosis-Steven-McGee/dp/0323392768
Nicolson M, Commentary: Nicholas Jewson and the disappearance of the sick man from medical cosmology, 1770–1870. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:622–33)
Jewson ND. The disappearance of the sick-man from medical cosmology, 1770–1870, Sociology , 1976, vol. 10 (pg. 225-44)
Robertson WE. Physical diagnosis from the time of Rontgen. Ann Med Hist. 1934;6:255–63
Rodgers MM, "Piorry on Pleximetry and Auscultation," Boston Med Surg J 1852; 46:151-152
Tan SY and Hu M, "Josef Leopold Auenbrugger (1722 - 1809): father of percussion. Singapore Med J 2004 Vol 45(3):103
Walker HK, "The Origins of the History and Physical Examination," Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations.Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
Wallis F, Signs and Senses: Diagnosis and Prognosis in Early Medieval Pulse and Urine Texts. Social History of Medicine Vol. 13 No. 2 pp. 265-278.
Wilcox RA et al, "The Symbol of Modern Medicine: Why One Snake Is More Than Two," Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:673-677.
Verghese et al, A History of Physical Examination Texts and the Conception of Bedside Diagnosis.
Voswinkel P, From uroscopy to urinalysis. Clinica Chimica Acta 297 (2000) 5–16

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