AvFacts - Aviation knowledge without limits

#44: Turbojets and turbofans Apr 21, 2020

The jet engine revolutionized air travel in the 1950s, and since then jet engines have only gotten more reliable, more efficient, and more powerful. This is due in part to the switch from turbojets to turbofans. In this episode, I discuss what turbojets and turbofans are, and the important differences between them.

#43: Carburetors Mar 01, 2020

What was in auto engines 50 years ago, is in piston aircraft engines today. It’s not always true but it certainly feels true often. Only in the last 30 years or so has carburetion been supplanted by fuel injection in aircraft engines. In this episode I will introduce you to the purpose of carburetors, what they do and how they work, and talk about a few different types of carburetors.

#42: Formation flying and TACFORM Dec 31, 2019

Flights of military aircraft always fly in formation. Flying in formation offers significant tactical advantages when in a combat area, and helps maintain cohesion of the flight when not. Learn about how military aircraft fly in formation, the different types of formations used, and how they deal with contingencies.

#41: Low-frequency radio ranges Nov 24, 2019

Low-frequency radio ranges are a simple form of instrument navigation that hasn’t been around since the 1970s. And while it’s comparatively primitive today, it was revolutionary in the 1920s, demonstrating that for the first time airplanes could be navigated by instruments alone. Learn about how LRR stations worked, and how LRR approaches were charted and flown.

#40: Types and hazards of icing Oct 13, 2019

Ice is nice in cold drinks but can be a real hazard to airplanes. When supercooled water droplets freeze and create ice on the wings, an aircraft can suffer loss of lift and control. Learn about where and why ice forms, and why it’s such a big deal to the pilots who fly through it (and try to avoid it).

#39: CCIP, CCRP, and other bombing modes Aug 19, 2019

Bombing has come a long way from its primitive origins. Today, computers help pilots put bombs exactly where they want them. In this episode I cover some of the different ways that pilots “pickle,” or drop their bombs, and how the HUD and the fire control radar help them, even when dropping dumb bombs.

#38: High-altitude, high-speed aerodynamics Jul 11, 2019

Aircraft that fly high and fast deal with a whole range of aerodynamic issues that lower and slower planes never see. They stem from the shape of the aircraft, the properties of the air at high altitude, and shockwaves caused by approaching the speed of sound. In this episode, I discuss high-altitude, high-speed aerodynamics, including Mach tuck, coffin corner, and Dutch roll.

#37: Airspeed, airspeed, airspeed Jun 20, 2019

In aviation, airspeed is life. But it’s also not simple — there are lots of different kinds of airspeed, from indicated airspeed to calibrated airspeed to true airspeed and more. In this episode, I cover the different types of airspeeds, what they all mean, and why they’re important.

#36: Laser-guided and GPS-guided bombs May 16, 2019

Bombs are getting smarter every day. In the 1960s, we got the laser-guided bomb, marking the end of the era of indiscriminate bombing of targets. Today we have GPS-guided bombs too, as well as hybrid guidance systems. In this episode, I’ll cover some details of laser- and GPS-guided weapons; how they work, tactics, and shortcomings.

#35: Transoceanic crossings, part 6 Apr 06, 2019

This is part 6 of a 6-part series on transoceanic flights. Transoceanic flights date back to Charles Lindbergh’s famous Spirit of St. Louis flight in 1927, but today the world is quite different, with numerous procedures and rules to keep us safe as we fly across the ocean. In part 6, I cover gross navigational errors (GNEs), some of the procedures used in the cockpit to mitigate risk, and strategic lateral offsets, or SLOP.

#34: Transoceanic crossings, part 5 Apr 06, 2019

This is part 5 of a 6-part series on transoceanic flights. Transoceanic flights date back to Charles Lindbergh’s famous Spirit of St. Louis flight in 1927, but today the world is quite different, with numerous procedures and rules to keep us safe as we fly across the ocean. In part 5, I cover performance-based requirements, including required navigation, communication, and surveillance performance; and some of the technologies we use to achieve those requirements.

#33: Transoceanic crossings, part 4 Apr 06, 2019

This is part 4 of a 6-part series on transoceanic flights. Transoceanic flights date back to Charles Lindbergh’s famous Spirit of St. Louis flight in 1927, but today the world is quite different, with numerous procedures and rules to keep us safe as we fly across the ocean. In part 4, I cover extended operations, or ETOPS, and how pilots plan flights with the ability to divert to airports halfway across the ocean.

#32: Transoceanic crossings, part 3 Apr 06, 2019

This is part 3 of a 6-part series on transoceanic flights. Transoceanic flights date back to Charles Lindbergh’s famous Spirit of St. Louis flight in 1927, but today the world is quite different, with numerous procedures and rules to keep us safe as we fly across the ocean. In part 3, I cover organized track systems, including the busiest oceanic airspace in the world, the North Atlantic, and its North Atlantic Tracks (NATs).

#31: Transoceanic crossings, part 2 Apr 06, 2019

This is part 2 of a 6-part series on transoceanic flights. Transoceanic flights date back to Charles Lindbergh’s famous Spirit of St. Louis flight in 1927, but today the world is quite different, with numerous procedures and rules to keep us safe as we fly across the ocean. In part 2, I cover high-frequency radio, and how it’s used to send messages over the horizon, and selective calling, or SELCAL.

#30: Transoceanic crossings, part 1 Apr 06, 2019

This is part 1 of a 6-part series on transoceanic flights. Transoceanic flights date back to Charles Lindbergh’s famous Spirit of St. Louis flight in 1927, but today the world is quite different, with numerous procedures and rules to keep us safe as we fly across the ocean. In part 1, I cover oceanic flight plans, including how they're received; and voice position reporting.

#29: Cross-country gliding and MacCready theory Mar 12, 2019

The most important number in cross-country gliding is “speed to fly.” Speed to fly is a complex topic, that involves thermals, headwinds and tailwinds, glider performance, and much more. On this episode I cover the basics of cross-country flying and racing in gliders, and introduce you to Paul MacReady’s theory of efficient glider flight.

#28: Aerial refueling Feb 07, 2019

Primitive forms of aerial refueling have been around since the 1920s; since then, it has matured into a complex but effective procedure for getting gas from one aircraft to another. In this episode, I look at the different kinds of aerial refueling, when it’s used, and some things pilots have to be aware of to do it successfully.

#27: The national airspace redesign Jan 11, 2019

The US airspace system is undergoing massive changes in the wake of RNAV and GPS. Learn about the high-altitude redesign (HAR), non-restrictive routing (NRR), RNAV routes, and other projects underway to redesign the highways in the sky.

#26: Hypoxia and oxygen delivery systems Dec 13, 2018

One of the symptoms of hypoxia is decreased judgment and decision-making ability — not good for pilots. It can sneak up on you slowly, and by the time you realize it’s happening, you're too impaired to do anything about it. So pilots have a lot of different ways to ensure their brain is getting the oxygen it needs, even at high altitudes. Today I talk about hypoxia, the different types of hypoxia and its signs and symptoms, and the different ways pilots have of receiving supplemental oxygen.

#25: Missile defense, part I: Geometry and radar Oct 05, 2018

This is the first of a series covering how pilots defend against incoming missiles. In this episode, I will discuss how pilots use geometry and the limitations of radar to defend against radar-guided missiles. In the next part, we’ll look at countermeasures (chaff and flares).

#24: Noise Abatement Departure Procedures Sep 18, 2018

Noise is one of the most persistent issues in aviation. People want to fly, but when it comes to noise, they want to pretend flying doesn’t exist. I’ll be doing multiple episodes on noise abatement in the future, but for starters, in this episode I’m talking noise abatement departure procedures (NADPs): what they are, how they’re flown, and how they’re used to reduce the environmental impact of airliners on noise-sensitive communities.

#23: Air Traffic Control Technology: Past, Present, and Future Aug 17, 2018

There are many technologies pilots and ATC use to locate aircraft and avoid mid-air collisions. The most important is the pilot’s own eyeballs. But beyond that, many other technologies work together to keep aircraft separated. Today I’m going to be discussing primary and secondary radar, traffic collision avoidance systems (TCAS), and automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B).

#22: Turn Circles and One/Two-Circle Fights Jul 24, 2018

Turn circles are a fundamental concept in basic fighter maneuvers, or BFM -- the skill of dogfighting. In this episode I will cover the mechanics of turn circles, including rate and radius. I’ll also cover entry windows, and the basics of the one-circle and two-circle fight.

#21: RVSM Airspace Jul 08, 2018

Altimeters get less accurate the higher you go. For the longest time, the rules required that airplanes flying above 29,000 feet have 2,000 feet of separation between them, instead of the usual 1,000 feet. But with more and more airliners flying, we needed a way to double the capacity of the flight levels. Enter reduced vertical separation minima, or RVSM: The rules and restrictions that allow us to pack them in even in thinner air.

#20: Carrier Departures and Recoveries Jun 16, 2018

There are multiple ways for Navy and Marine aircraft to launch and recover to an aircraft carrier, and it all depends on the weather and visibility. In this episode, I discuss the different ways that carrier aircraft are launched and recovered.

#19: Private Pilots and Ride-Sharing May 16, 2018

The private pilot certificate is the first license that many pilots get. It’s a handy certificate that allows the pilot to fly their friends and family around, but they can’t take money. There are only a few very limited exceptions in which a pilot can take money or other consideration for a flight. In this episode, I’ll talk about these exceptions, and why a pilot can’t just go on Craigslist looking for a passenger.

#18: Do Airlines Weigh Passengers? May 03, 2018

Do airlines weigh passengers? Nope. There are no hidden scales on jetways. Instead, airlines must estimate the weight of their precious cargo, to ensure they don't take off overweight or out of balance. In today’s episode, I’ll talk about how this works, and how it’s led to some unfortunate accidents when it isn’t done right.

#17: Electronic Countermeasures Apr 22, 2018

Electronic countermeasures (ECM) includes radio and radar jamming — it’s the techniques we use to deny an adversary the use of their electronic equipment. ECM is a cat-and-mouse game. Radar jamming started as simple noise jamming, but as radars became more sophisticated, ECM techniques have had to increase in sophistication too. Learn about the origins of ECM and how modern ECM works.

#16: Angle of Attack and the Stall Apr 13, 2018

Angle of attack is the single most important number in aeronautics. It literally means the difference between flying and falling. Let it get too high, and your airplane can enter a stall, where the wings are no longer able to effectively generate lift. In today’s episode, I talk about what angle of attack is, why it matters, what a stall is, and how we get into and out of them.

#15: Scotch Whisky Mar 21, 2018

Scotch whisky is an alcoholic drink made from malted barley, aged for at least three years, and produced in Scotland. Scotch whisky is categorized by its origin, one of five regions in Scotland, each of which has its own distinct flavor, primarily due to the water and soil in which the barley is grown. In this episode, I’ll walk you through what exactly Scotch whisky is, the different varieties and their flavor profiles, and how best to enjoy it.

#14: Bombs, Bombs, and More Bombs Mar 16, 2018

Smart bombs, dumb bombs, cluster bombs, laser-guided bombs … what does it all mean? Bombs have come a long way from World War I, where they were just hurled out of airplane cockpits by pilots with an innate sense of timing. In this episode I’ll cover the different types of bombs; their different guidance methods, fuzing, and warheads; and what we choose to use when.

#13: Coaxial-Rotor Helicopters Feb 28, 2018

Coaxial-rotor helicopters have two rotors mounted on a single vertical mast. The two rotors rotate in opposite directions. These helicopters don’t need a tail rotor and have significant maneuverability and power advantages over traditional helicopters. In today’s episode, we’ll learn about the history of coaxial-rotor helicopters, and their advantages and disadvantages over traditional helicopters.

#12: How to Start a Jet Aircraft Feb 19, 2018

In this episode, I cover the details of how we start up aircraft, and in particular jet engine-powered aircraft.

#11: Decalage Feb 07, 2018

Decalage is not often taught to student pilots, but it’s a critical component of what makes an aircraft fly. Decalage provides an aircraft with angle of attack stability — in other words, it makes an aircraft that is flying, want to stay flying. In this episode, I’ll talk about what decalage is and why it’s what makes an airplane an airplane.

#10: Air-to-Air Radar Modes Jan 24, 2018

In this episode I’ll cover the basics of how air-to-air radar works, and some of the different modes that a modern fire control radar (FCR) operates in. I’ll talk about the tradeoffs of each of these modes and how they are used in modern air combat.

#9: Polar Procedures Jan 08, 2018

Flying over the North or South Pole, or even over Northern Canada, presents unique challenges in aviation. In this episode we’ll learn about these challenges: navigation, fuel freezing, diversions, communications, and altimetry. The FAA wants to make sure you don’t get stuck somewhere in sub-freezing weather, and so they require airlines to undergo unique training and procedures when they conduct high latitude operations.

#8: Altitudes in Aviation Dec 19, 2017

Surprisingly, pilots actually care about a lot of different altitudes in aviation. There’s the obvious ones: altitude above ground level (AGL) and above mean sea level (MSL), but there’s also some not-so-obvious ones you might not have heard of, such as pressure altitude and density altitude. In this episode we will learn about how these different altitudes are measured and what their significance to pilots and air traffic controllers are.

#7: Pursuits, Overshoots, and Reversals Nov 08, 2017

Lead pursuit, pure pursuit, and lag pursuit make up part of the bread and butter of basic fighter maneuvers, or dogfighting. In this episode, learn what these are and how they can lead to overshoots and reversals, which can turn the tables of a dogfight.

#6: Engine Failures on Takeoff Oct 22, 2017

An engine failure or fire during the takeoff roll is a critical emergency — the pilot has to make a split-second decision whether to “stop,” and abort the takeoff, or “go,” and take the problem into the air. To ensure the pilot makes the right decision, a whole bunch of planning goes into that stop-or-go decision. On today’s episode we look at all the planning involved in minimizing the hazards of an emergency on the takeoff roll. Voice acting: Matt Sherman, Ignacio Soto

#5: Gyroscopes Oct 10, 2017

Gyroscopes have been a critical part of instrument flying in aviation. Without them, aircraft would have no safe way to fly in clouds or poor visibility. Today we learn about the three gyroscopic instruments in an airplane’s instrument panel, how they work, and what the future holds for gyroscopes in aviation.

#4: Close Air Support and the 9-Line Sep 24, 2017

Close air support is one of the most challenging air-to-ground missions a pilot can perform. Unlike an in-and-out strike mission, CAS missions require the pilot to be over a hostile area for a long period of time, ready to provide air support when needed. The risk of confusion, miscommunication, and friendly fire is also very high. To prevent this, CAS missions are highly procedural, using a standard 9-line briefing. In today’s episode, we will learn about the procedures, risks, and benefits of CAS missions, and how CAS aircraft are coordinated and controlled. Voice acting: Ignacio Soto, William Dillon, Rachel Schifano, Adam Starkey

#3: Cost Index Sep 10, 2017

When airline pilots decide how fast to fly, it all comes down to one number: the cost index. An airliner’s flight management computer (FMC) uses this number in a lot of ways to calculate climb speed, cruise speed, and descent speed. On this episode, we learn how cost index is calculated why airlines fly their planes at the speeds they do.

#2: Hydroplaning Aug 27, 2017

On today’s episode we take a look at hydroplaning (sometimes called “aquaplaning”). We learn the three different types of hydroplaning, how they occur, what pilots can do about it, and some other associated hazards.

#1: The DLZ Aug 14, 2017

The dynamic launch zone (DLZ) is a launch envelope that helps fighter pilots predict whether their missiles will hit their targets. Learn about the elements of the DLZ and get a glimpse into beyond-visual-range missile tactics in this inaugural episode of AvFacts.

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