CRIAS=climate reconstruction and impacts from the archives of societies,基于历史文献(档案)的气候重建和影响
03:43 火山喷发造成“无夏之年”,影响范围可能从赤道到南极
06:29 1600年秘鲁火山喷发,欧洲和亚洲都有确切的降温记录
09:27 PAGES研究过去全球的环境变化,包括所有变化
12:28 树轮、冰芯、花粉中,都储存着过去气候的信息
研究人员测量冰芯以备分割(来自Peter Rejcek, NSF):
含有花粉颗粒的泥柱(来自Mount Royal University):
17:10 “大水”到底是多大?不同时期和地区的文献记录如何用统一标准开发
19:49 欧洲的记录准确但比较少,中国的记录不够精确但胜在数量多
23:10 正史记录比非正史可靠,如果河北的地方志出现广东的记录,那要小心
25:28 中国人讲的“天”,包括了土地、空气、水等所有环境因素
29:09 欧洲的三十年战争和中国的明末清初恰好在同一时间,唯一有关联的是大家同处小冰期
30:17 同样的气候压力,不同的应对策略:中国人选择内部迁移,欧洲人选择海外扩张
33:02 有的适应行为是资源减少时的零和游戏,如何保证公平和正义?
38:24 欧洲2500年历史中,气候压力增加时思想家也在增加,但建立因果关系要非常小心
欧洲气温变化与思想家数量(来自裴老师论文,拓展阅读4):
43:28 从气候变化的角度把历史讲述一遍,但并非环境决定论
45:24 “尺度”有多重要:明朝灭亡到底是因为崇祯“非常努力做出错误决定”,还是因为气候压力?
50:14 研究历史上的气候变化到底对现在有什么用?洞庭湖的例子
54:04 最后的建议:提高缓冲能力,重视整体观
拓展阅读:
1.Zhang, D. D., Pei, Q., Lee, H. F., Jim, C. Y., Li, G., Zhang, M., ... & Zhang, S. (2020). Climate change fostered cultural dynamics of human resilience in Europe in the past 2500 years. Science of the Total Environment, 744, 140842.
2.Degroot, D., Anchukaitis, K., Bauch, M., Burnham, J., Carnegy, F., Cui, J., ... & Zappia, N. (2021). Towards a rigorous understanding of societal responses to climate change. Nature, 591(7851), 539-550.
3.Pei, Q., Qiu, M., Li, G., Wu, K. M., Mordechai, L., Liu, W., & Zhang, H. (2024). Cost of resilience to climate change: migration, conflicts, and epidemics in imperial China. Environmental Research Letters, 19(11), 114025.
4.Zhang, D. D., Pei, Q., Zhang, S., Wang, L., & Qiu, M. (2025). Cultural innovations were boosted under the pressure of epidemic outbreaks in European History. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-8.
在这样的背景下,科研人员正以各种形式发起抗议,包括3月7日美国30多个城市举行的“捍卫科学”(Stand Up for Science)集会。本期节目的嘉宾子陵在听歌在旧金山参加了这次集会,我们聊了聊他在集会上的所见所想,这段时间美国的科研界发生了什么,以及为什么这种混乱不止跟美国有关,也在破坏某些全人类共同的宝贵财产。
卫生巾与女性健康的系统综述。 Woo, J., Kim, S., Kim, H., Jeong, K. S., Kim, E., & Ha, E. (2019). Systematic review on sanitary pads and female health. The Ewha Medical Journal, 42(3), 25-38.
中美日韩德卫生巾/棉条里的二噁英毒性评估。Shin JH, Ahn YG. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in sanitary products of women. Text Res J 2007;77: 597-603
嘉宾:戴凡(Fan Dai)博士是知名的环境政策与气候变化领域专家,专注于推动中美两国在气候行动方面的深度合作。她现任加州大学伯克利分校加州—中国气候研究院(California-China Climate Institute)院长、香港大学碳中和研究院执行院长。在此之前,戴博士曾于加州政府任高级顾问,为加州环境保护署(California Environmental Protection Agency)和加州州长经济发展办公室(California Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development)提供环境与经济政策指导。作为中美气候合作的积极推动者,其多篇研究成果发表于《自然》(Nature)等国际顶级学术期刊,关注区域合作在应对全球环境挑战中的关键作用。
Ainsworth, C. (2015) Sex redefined. Nature. 518 (7539), 288–291.
Elliott, Z. (2023) A Response to Nature’s ‘Sex Redefined’. Paradox Institute. 4 April. Available from: www.theparadoxinstitute.com.
Montañez, A. (2017) Visualizing Sex as a Spectrum. Scientific American. 29 August. Available from: www.scientificamerican.com.
关于性别测试——
Pieper, L. (2017). Sex testing: Gender policing in women’s sports. University of Illinois Press.
关于跨性别运动员——
Hamilton, B. et al. (2024) Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes: a cross-sectional study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 58 (11), 586–597.
Longman, J. (2024) New study bolsters idea of athletic differences between men and trans women. The New York Times. 23 April. Available from: www.nytimes.com .
Pielke Jr., R. & Pape, M. (2019) Science, sport, sex, and the case of Caster Semenya. Issues in Science and Technology. 36 (1), 56–63.
[and responses to Pielke Jr., R. & Pape, M. (2019) : Bermon, S. et al. (2020) Science, sports, and sex. Issues in Science and Technology. 36 (2), . [online]. Available from: issues.org (Accessed 6 August 2024).]
Quell, M. (2024) Olympic runner Caster Semenya returns to rights court. Courthouse News Service. 15 May. Available from: www.courthousenews.com
The World Medical Association (2023) WMA welcomes European Court of Human Rights siding with Caster Semenya. The World Medical Association. 31 July. Available from: www.wma.net
关于男女顶级运动员的差异对比——
Sandbakk, Ø., Solli, G. S., & Holmberg, H.-C. (2018). Sex Differences in World-Record Performance: The Influence of Sport Discipline and Competition Duration. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(1), 2–8. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0196
Hilton, E. N., & Lundberg, T. R. (2020). Transgender women in the female category of sport: perspectives on testosterone suppression and performance advantage. Sports Medicine, 1-16.
Thibault, V., Guillaume, M., Berthelot, G., Helou, N. E., Schaal, K., Quinquis, L., ...Toussaint, J.-François. (2010). Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(2), 214. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
关于男女的肌肉和拳击——
Hubal, M. J., Gordish-Dressman, H. E. A. T. H. E. R., Thompson, P. D., Price, T. B., Hoffman, E. P., Angelopoulos, T. J., ... & Clarkson, P. M. (2005). Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 37(6), 964-972.
Morris, J. S., Link, J., Martin, J. C., & Carrier, D. R. (2020). Sexual dimorphism in human arm power and force: implications for sexual selection on fighting ability. Journal of Experimental Biology, 223(2), jeb212365.
关于奥运级运动员的内分泌分析——
Sönksen, P. H., Holt, R. I. G., Böhning, W., Guha, N., Cowan, D. A., Bartlett, C., & Böhning, D. (2018). Why do endocrine profiles in elite athletes differ between sports? Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol., 4(1), 1–16. doi: 10.1186/s40842-017-0050-3
Healy ML, Gibney J, Pentecost C, Wheeler MJ, Sonksen PH. Endocrine profiles in 693 elite athletes in the postcompetition setting. Clin Endocrinol. 2014;81:294–305.
关于四名患有5-ARD的精英女运动员接受了性腺切除术以降低睾酮——
Fenichel P, Paris F, Philibert P, Hiéronimus S, Gaspari L, Kurzenne JY, et al. Molecular diagnosis of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in 4 elite young female athletes through hormonal screening for hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E1055-9.
Jordan-Young, R. M., Sönksen, P. H., & Karkazis, K. (2014). Sex, health, and athletes. BMJ, 348, g2926. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2926
西班牙前跨栏运动员、患有雄激素不敏感综合征(AIS)的玛丽亚·何塞·马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥(Maria José Martínez-Patiño)在《柳叶刀》上写自己的经历——
Martínez-Patiño, M. J. (2005). Personal Account: A woman tried and tested. Lancet, 366, S38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67841-5
📄 Mayhew, M.J., Rockenbach, A.N., Bowman, N. A., et al., How College Affects Students:21st Century Evidence That Higher Education Works. Jossey-Bass, Volume 3 edition. 2016.09.
Dale, S. B., & Krueger, A. B. (2002). Estimating the payoff to attending a more selective college: An application of selection on observables and unobservables. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1491-1527.
📄 斯坦福学者对中国名校精英教育的研究——
Jia, R., & Li, H. (2016). Access to Elite Education, Wage Premium, and Social Mobility: The Truth and Illusion of China’s College Entrance Exam.
📄 对比教育对男女的影响——
Ørstavik, R., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Knudsen, G., Tambs, K., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2014). Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Educational Attainment and Income. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 17, 516 - 525.
📄 教育对延长寿命和减少残疾的影响——
Krueger, P., Dehry, I., & Chang, V. (2019). The Economic Value of Education for Longer Lives and Reduced Disability. The Milbank Quarterly, 97, 48–73.