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    History

    Wonders of the World

    In this podcast, we’ll visit 200 Wonders of the World, from the Pyramids to the Great Barrier Reef, to tell the story of our people, our civilization, and our planet. My name is Caroline Vahrenkamp, and I’m a travel junkie. The world is filled with amazing places that reflect the greatest achievements of human accomplishment. In these uncertain times, understanding our great shared history may help to bridge the divides between us. And if not, it will be a fun ride anyway! We’ll discuss the history of each place and the story of the men and women who lived there. We’ll cover travel notes, examine what else to see while you’re in the area, and dig into the local cuisine. Expect a new episode every two weeks. And thanks for listening!

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    Latest Episodes:
    023 - The Parthenon and the Age of Pericles Sep 26, 2017
    Show notes

    Athens has won the war against Persia, but now what? The Golden Age of Pericles, that's what! He's building temples, making money, enlarging an empire, all in the name of democracy. Darby Vickers from the History of Greece podcast stops by to talk about the Great Democrat as well as what it's like to visit the Parthenon today. The one in Athens, not the one in Nashville. She also talks about Greek bakeries and the joy that is spanakotiropita.

    The intro today (my first one ever!) is from Lynn Perkins of the History of the Ottoman Empire podcast. He does fine work, and I can't wait to bug him when I get to Topkapi Palace.


    Arni sto Fourno Sep 12, 2017
    Show notes

    There are few dishes as stereotypically Greek as roast lamb. With the weather starting to get cold as we move towards Autumn, what better way to celebrate stick-to-your-ribs comfort food?

    If we were REALLY doing this right, we would roast a whole lamb on a spit in your front yard. But that might upset the neighbors, the police, and the homeowners' association, so we'll do something in the oven

    Arni sto Fourno (αρνι στο φουρνο), which means "oven-roasted lamb," is a recipe I'm using from the restaurant where I met my wife 15 years ago. In fact, this is the very dish I had that night, which is a good way to know that it's the real deal - I mean, it was fifteen years ago.

    The restaurant, the Greek Islands, calls it Arni Fournou, but whatever you call it, it's super simple. Chunk up some potatoes, throw in chopped tomatoes, garlic, oregano, lemon juice, olive oil, and salt and pepper. Then nestle in four lamb shanks, of about a pound each (500 g).

    This recipe (http://checkplease.wttw.com/recipe/arni-fournou) comes from the Greek Islands, via the files of Check Please!, a public television staple in Chicago, in which each of three average viewers invites the other two to their favorite local restaurant. I wish every town had that show - it does a terrific job in introducing viewers to cuisines, neighborhoods, and establishments they would never have considered otherwise. (http://checkplease.wttw.com).

    Serves 4

    INGREDIENTS

    • 4 lbs/2 kg lamb shanks (four, about 1 lb/500 g each)
    • 2 lbs/1 kg peeled russet potatoes, cut into wedges
    • 1 cup/240 ml chopped tomato
    • 9 cloves chopped garlic
    • 1 teaspoon salt
    • 1 teaspoon pepper
    • 1 cup/240 ml fresh lemon juice
    • 1 cup/240 ml olive oil
    • 1 teaspoon/5 ml oregano (Greek or Turkish - not Mexican)

    STEPS

    1. Simply mix the above ingredients in a deep baking pan, fully coating the lamb in the marinade.
    2. Preheat oven to 275-325° F / 135-160° C (depending on the actual heat that your oven produces - if it runs hot, set the temp lower).
    3. Bake the lamb for 2 hours, turning the pieces over after the first hour.
    4. Serve the lamb with the potatoes and use a bit of the remaining juices to pour over the dish.

    022 - The Oracle of Delphi and the Persian War Sep 12, 2017
    Show notes

    The priestess of Apollo will answer your questions, if not how you expect. Will Athens survive the war with the Persians? Should Sparta march to help? Will you enjoy this episode on the Oracle of Delphi in Greece, featuring the brilliance of Alison Innes and Darrin Sunstrum from the MythTake podcast and Lantern Jack from Ancient Greece Declassified? Yes. Yes you will.

    We'll talk about the Oracle, how it came to be and how it worked. We'll follow the Greeks in their war with the Persians. We'll visit Delphi and eat roast lamb and greens. You won't need gas rising from the temple floor to enjoy this one!


    Turkish Flour Helva (Un Helvası) Sep 01, 2017
    Show notes

    Sesame halva is well known throughout the world, and can be purchased at most Middle Eastern stores or Jewish delis. I don't care for it though, so I'm trying out a different version: one based on flour rather than sesame.

    It's smooth, sweet - but not too sweet, with a nuttiness that comes from toasting the flour after blending it with butter. I omitted the almonds because my kids are allergic, but they would probably give an amazing added crunch.

    This recipe comes from the New York Times: https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1017926-turkish-flour-helva

    Serves 4

    INGREDIENTS

    • ½ cup/113 grams unsalted butter
    • 1 cup/125 grams all-purpose flour
    • 1 cup/200 grams sugar
    • 1 ½ cups/350 milliliters whole milk
    • Pinch of salt (optional)
    • 2 cups whole blanched almonds (optional)
    • 2 teaspoons cinnamon

    STEPS

    1. In a medium pot over medium heat, melt the butter. Whisk in the flour, a little at a time to prevent clumping; reduce heat to very low and cook, stirring often with a heatproof rubber spatula or wooden spoon, until the flour is deep golden brown and butter separates and floats to the top, about 1 to 2 hours. The higher the flame, the quicker it will cook, but the more you will have to stir it.

    2. Meanwhile, in a medium pot, combine sugar, 1 1/2 cups/355 milliliters water, and milk; bring to a low simmer over medium heat. Turn off heat, cover to keep warm, and reserve.

    3. When flour mixture is toasted and browned but not burned, slowly whisk in the warm milk mixture and a pinch of salt if you like. (It's O.K. if the milk has cooled to room temperature; it should not be cold.) Raise heat to medium-high and cook, stirring with a heatproof rubber spatula or wooden spoon, until mixture comes together in a paste-like texture and no longer sticks to sides of the pot. (Make sure to stir in the corners and bottom of pot.) Whisk the mixture occasionally, if necessary, to create a smoother texture and get rid of any lumps. Cover pot with a cloth and a lid, then let cool.

    4. In a medium skillet, toast the almonds in the dry pan over medium heat. Sprinkle almonds and cinnamon over cooled helva. Spoon onto plates or into small bowls to serve.

    Involved? Yes. But worth it. Really worth it. Here's a couple of tips:

    • Use a bigger pan for the roux than you think you need. You added the milk mixture to the roux, so you'll be thankful for the extra space.
    • When the recipe says, add the flour a little at a time, DO THAT. I had to throw out my first batch because the flour/butter roux was way too clumpy. The first 1/2 cup blends beautifully into the butter, it's the second half that will get you, and get you quick.
    • I added a little vanilla extract to the milk mixture when hot. I'm told that's a legit choice, as is rosewater. I don't have rosewater, but vanilla was an excellent choice.
    • I ended up getting impatient. After 45 minutes on very low, and no noticeable browning, I turned the stove to medium-low, with regular stirring (every couple of minutes). That did the trick! You definitely want brown, the browner the better.
    • As you add the milk, whisk like you've never whisked before, because helva comes at you fast. It takes less than a minute for the final product to come together, and if you don't whisk hard in that time, you can end up with floury lumps instead of smooth, sugary sweetness. It's only 45 seconds; you can do it.

    021 - The Eternal Fires of Mount Chimaera and the Roots of the Persian War Aug 29, 2017
    Show notes

    Is this burning an eternal flame? Why yes. Yes, it is. Nestled in the hills of Lycia in southwestern Turkey, the Yanartaş of Mount Chimaera is a series of methane-fueled fires that have burnt for at least 2500 years. Lycia has a fascinating history and is well worth a quick detour from our narrative, so let's take a look.

    Joining us is Roxanne from Mythology Translated, to share the myths of the chimaera and other fine folks. We'll also talk Ionia, to set us up for the great conflict between Persia and Greece.

    And we'll have some sweet, sticky halva! Oh, and Santa Claus shows up. Sort of.


    Joojeh Kabab Aug 01, 2017
    Show notes

    Chicken, skewered and grilled, is a classic Persian dish, one that has been cooked for centuries. And it's magnificent. The key is two-fold: 1) the marinade: a tangy blend of yogurt, lime juice, olive oil and saffron, which does wonderful things to the chunks of chicken breast, and 2) the charcoal grilling, which lends that lovely char that so nicely offsets the tenderness of the meat.

    Chicken alone is nice; I like to pair with vegetables like onions, peppers, and tomatoes. Make sure you cook those on different skewers, as they and the chicken take different times to cook.

    Above all, you need a starch to go with this, and the best without doubt is the chelo, the rice. It's officially just a standard steamed basmati rice, but if you do it right, you get this lovely crust (or tah-dig) at the bottom of the pan that is so mind-blowing.

    This recipe comes from Azita from the top-notch Persian food blog Turmeric and Saffron (http://turmericsaffron.blogspot.com/).

    Serves 4

    INGREDIENTS

    • 2 pounds skinless, boneless chicken breasts, preferably fresh, never frozen, cut into cubes
    • 1 medium onion, grated
    • 1 cup plain whole-milk yogurt
    • 3-4 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
    • 3-4 tablespoons freshly squeezed lime juice
    • 1.5 teaspoon powdered saffron dissolved in 5-6 tablespoons of hot water, divided in two
    • 2 teaspoons salt plus extra for the rice
    • 1 teaspoon black pepper
    • A pinch of red pepper powder *optional
    • 2 1/2 cups basmati rice
    • Butter
    • Vegetable oil

    STEPS

    Start with marinating the chicken (6-8 hours before meal)

    1. In a bowl, combine the yogurt, onion, olive oil, lime juice, liquid saffron, salt and pepper. Blend well into a smooth mixture, adjust the seasoning with lime juice and salt and pepper.
    2. Pour the mixture over the chicken in a large bowl, making sure that all the pieces are fully covered with the sauce. Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 6-8 hours.

    Move to rice (3.5 hours before meal)

    1. In a large bowl, wash the rice with cool water a few times to get rid of the extra starch and pour the water out. Soak the rice in 8 cups of cool water, add 3 tablespoons of salt and set aside for at least a couple of hours.
    2. In a large non-stick pot that has a tight fitting lid, bring 8 cups of water to a rapid boil on medium-high heat.
    3. Drain the soaked rice and pour into the boiling water. Bring the water back to a boil on medium-high heat for about 10 minutes or until the grains are long soft on the outside and hard in the center. Drain the rice in a fine mesh strainer and rinse with cool water a few times.
    4. Wash the rice pot with water and and return to heat. Add 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil, 2 tablespoons butter and 1 tablespoon of liquid saffron to the bottom of the pot, move the pan in a circular motion or use a wooden spoon to evenly cover the bottom with oil.
    5. Remove from heat and with a large spatula return the parboiled rice back into the pot, building it into a pyramid shape away from the sides of the pot.
    6. In order to release the steam make 4-5 holes in the rice with the handle of the wooden spatula. Place the pot back on the stove on medium-high heat, uncovered.
    7. Wait about 7-10 minutes or until steam starts coming out of the pot.
    8. Gently pour 2 tablespoons oil, 1/4 cup water and saffron over the rice, cover, lower the heat and steam the rice for an hour. (Here's a secret: Wrap the lid with a kitchen towel or 2-3 layers of thick paper towels to prevent the moisture from going back in the pot. This is the secret to making a perfect tah-dig.)

    As the rice steams, heat the grill and get the chicken ready to go.

    1. Thread the chicken pieces onto metal skewers, place the skewers on the hot grill and continue grilling until chicken pieces are well cooked.

    Involved? Yes. But worth it.


    Litti Chokaa Jul 11, 2017
    Show notes

    This week's recipe comes courtesy of Vivek Vasan, our special guest and host of the Historical India podcast. The recipe is based on his mother's recipe, so you know it's gotta be good. I haven't been able to try it yet, mainly because finding many of the ingredients require a special trip to the local South Asian grocery, but I will be trying it soon.

    It sounds complex, but each of the four major steps require some rest time, leaving plenty of time to proceed to the next. Start with making the dough, then build the filling while the dough rests. While the litti cooks, you can make the baigan chokha. To bake the chokha, you can bake in a conventional oven, since you're likely not to have either a Tandoori oven nor to fuel said oven with upla (animal dung). While they bake, chop, sauté and season the eggplant. Then all will be ready.

    INGREDIENTS

    To make dough:

    1. Wheat flour - 400 grams (2 cup)
    2. Ajwain (carom seeds) - ½ Tsp
    3. Ghee (clarified Butter) -2 Tbsp
    4. Curd - ¾ Cup
    5. Baking Soda - ½ Tsp
    6. Salt - ¾ Tsp

    For Stuffing (Pitthi)

    1. Sattu (roasted black bengal gram flour with the skin retained) - 200 Grams (1 Cup)
    2. Ginger - 1 Inch Long Piece
    3. Green Chilli - 2 To 4
    4. Coriander - ½ Cup, Finely Chopped
    5. Jeera (Cumin seeds) - 1 Tsp
    6. Ajwain (Carom seeds) - 1 Tsp
    7. Mustard Oil - 1tsp
    8. Pickle Spices (you can add any Indian pickle e.g. You should be able to get Priya Mango or Lime pickle in your local Indian store) - 1 Tbsp
    9. Lemon Juice - 1 Lemon
    10. Salt - Add To Taste or 1/2 Tsp

    For Chokha – this is one option for the accompaniment - Eggplant or you can try the Potato one

    1. Brinjal (Big Eggplant) - 400 grams (1 Or 2)
    2. Tomatoes - 250 gms ( 4 Medium Sized)
    3. Green Chillies - 2 To 4, Finely Chopped
    4. Ginger - 1 ½ Inch Long Piece, Finely Chopped
    5. Coriander - 2 Tbsp, Finely Chopped
    6. Salt - Add To Taste or 1 Tsp
    7. Mustard Oil - 1 To 2 Tsp

    METHOD

    Prepare dough for Litti

    • Filter the flour and keep it in a utensil, put Ghee, baking soda, Ajwain (carom seeds) and salt in flour then mix well.
    • Beat curd and put it in flour as well.
    • Knead soft dough using warm water.
    • Cover the dough and keep aside for 30 minutes.
    • Dough required to make Litti is ready.

    How to make Stuffing for Litti

    • Wash, peel and finely chop ginger (you can also grate it).
    • Break the stems of the green chillies, wash then finely chop them.
    • Clean green coriander, wash then finely chop the leaves.
    • Take out Sattu (Bengal gram flour) in a utensil put chopped ginger, green chillies, coriander, lemon juice, salt, Jeera (cumin) , Ajwain (carom), mustard oil and pickle spices in it.
    • Mix all the ingredients properly, if the Pitthi seems dry then add 1-2 spoons of water to it, Sattu Pitthi is ready.

    How to make Litti

    • Break off medium sized pieces from the dough.
    • With the help of your fingers expand the pieces 2-3 inches in diameter.
    • Place 1 - 1 ½ tsp Pitthi on it, wrap up the dough piece and close from all sides.
    • Press this stuffed pieces to flatten it a bit, Litti is ready for frying.
    • Heat the Tandoor(furnace), place the stuffed pieces of dough in the Tandoor and cook it by turning sides regularly till they turn brown (traditionally Litti is cooked on a Upla). - You can stick it in the convection microwave, keep an eye while it's cooking till the sides are browned on its top and bottom and the dough is hardened. It should take about 20 minutes at 250 degrees Celsius (482 F)

    How to make Chokha for Litti

    • Wash eggplant and tomatoes then fry them. Allow them to cool, peel the skins, keep them in a bowl and mash with a spoon.
    • Put the chopped spices, salt, oil and mix properly.
    • Eggplant Chokha is ready.
    • If you prefer garlic and onion then peel 5-6 cloves of garlic then finely chop them. Peel 1 onion, chop it finely and mix these with brinjal.

    Aaloo (Potato) ka Chokha

    • Peel 4-5 boiled potatoes break them into small pieces, add chopped ginger, green chillies, green coriander, red chilli powder and salt to it then mix well. Aaloo ka Chokha is ready.

    Serve

    • Put Chokha in a bowl, dip hot Litti in melted Ghee, Litti can also be broken at the centre and then dipped. Serve with Chokha, green coriander chutney.

    Courtesy of Vivek Vasan


    019 - The Mahabodhi Temple of Bodh Gaya and the Beginning of Buddhism Jul 11, 2017
    Show notes

    The prince who became an enlightened holy man, the Buddha took India by storm. We'll cover him and his contemporary Mahavira and two kings who followed their teaching while building India's first great empire: Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. It's storytelling time! Vivek Vasan helps out again and shares his mom's litti chokha recipe as we visit Bihar to see the great temple by the Bodhi Tree.


    Empress Dal Jun 20, 2017
    Show notes

    This recipe comes from the excellent Indian Home Cooking, co-written by Suvir Saran, who is a friend of a friend, and who has been personally kind and generous to me for years now. Buy his book(s).

    Indian cuisine is fantastic if you are a vegetarian, and one of the hallmarks of typical Indian cooking is dal, or lentils, stewed up and served over rice or with quick-fired bread.

    This recipe is great for weeknight dinners. It's easy, flavorful, a little spicy, and totally good for you. My 10-year-old son loves it. I don't have mango powder, but I find that the lemon works really well to bring that bit of acidity to balance the turmeric and cumin.

    Ingredients:

    • 3 tablespoons canola oil
    • 2 teaspoons cumin seeds
    • 3 whole dried red chilies
    • 1⁄2 teaspoon turmeric
    • 1 small garlic cloves, minced or 1⁄8 teaspoon asafetida powder
    • 1 cup dried lentils, picked over, washed and drained - I used green lentils, but brown is traditional
    • 1⁄4 teaspoon cayenne pepper (or to taste)
    • 1 tablespoon amchur (dried mango powder) or juice of 1 lemon
    • 4 cups water
    • 1 teaspoon salt (or to taste)

    Steps:

    1. Combine the oil, cumin, red chiles and turmeric in a large saucepan over medium-high heat. Cook, stirring, 1 to 2 minutes.
    2. Add the garlic or asafetida, lentils, cayenne, and mango powder, if using (if using lemon juice instead, stir in at the end), and cook, stirring, 1 minute.
    3. Add the water and salt, bring to a boil and skim well. Reduce the heat and simmer, covered, until the lentils are soft, 20 to 30 minutes. Add more water during cooking if necessary. Taste for salt and add more if you need to.
    4. Ladle about ½ cup of the lentils into a small bowl and mash them with a spoon. Return the mashed lentils to the pot and give the dal a stir. Then continue cooking at a simmer, uncovered, for 5 minutes to thicken.
    5. If you like a thicker dal, use a whisk to break up the lentils into a puree. If you like a thinner dal, add more water. Stir in the lemon juice, if using. Serve hot.

    Try this out with rice - I like to use basmati and to do a pilaf (toasting the rice in cumin-studded oil before rehydrating). I think you'll enjoy it!

    Recipe from: Indian Home Cooking, Suvir Saran and Stephanie Lyness

    (I forgot to take a picture - I will next time)


    018 - The Ghats of Varanasi and the Beginnings of Hinduism Jun 20, 2017
    Show notes

    Holiest site in Hinduism, Varanasi's riverside ghats are a swirl of color, faith, life, and death. We discuss the vedas, the great epics, and the development of Indian civilization with Vivek Vasan from the Historical India podcast.


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