A narrative history of Canada from its first inhabitants to the present day.
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A narrative history of Canada from its first inhabitants to the present day.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-nations-of-canada–4572969/support.
Copyright: © Copyright Greg Koabel
An introduction to the project - a history of Canada
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The last ice age ends, and humans follow the receding glaciers into Canada.
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Inter-continental migrations from east and west meet in the far north of Canada.
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Agriculture comes to the Great Lakes region, sparking an economic, political, and social revolution.
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Fishermen out of Bristol follow cod across the Atlantic, and find an entire continent.
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Seeking a passage to the orient, a French explorer investigates reports of open sea to the west of Newfoundland.
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Jacques Cartier returns to Canada, this time intent on building the first permanent European settlement since the Norse period.
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While the French abandon their colonization effort on the St. Lawrence, Canada's Atlantic coast plays host to a meeting of cultures from either side of the Atlantic.
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England takes its turn attempting to colonize Canada, choosing as its destination the inhospitable arctic.
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Europeans are suddenly drawn to Canadian fur. Meanwhile, the Upper St. Lawrence undergoes a cataclysmic change.
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1598-1603
The French see an opportunity to settle a colony in Canada, but find that they have bitten off more than they can chew.
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1603
Having failed twice to establish a colony in Canada, France turns to Samuel de Champlain to scout out an ideal location for a settlement.
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1604-1607
Frightened off by the winters on the St. Lawrence, French colonists seek out a more temperate home on the Atlantic coast.
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1608-1609
Champlain returns to the St. Lawrence, with one last chance to prove to the King that a Canadian colony is a viable proposition.
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1609
The Dutch hire an English explorer, Henry Hudson, to discover a way around Russia to the Orient. Instead, he finds an alternate access point to the Canadian fur trade.
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1610-1611
The chiefs of the Wendat Council travel to the St. Lawrence to formalize their alliance with the French, establishing a partnership that would define the next 40 years of Canadian history.
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1610-1611
After discovering a possible access point to the St. Lawrence trade network from the south, Henry Hudson searches for a way in from the north.
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1612-1613
Champlain finally gets to see what lies beyond the great rapids. But up the Ottawa River, he finds that he doesn't know who he can trust.
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1610-1613
An uneasy partnership between settlers and missionaries attempts to revive France's colonial presence in Acadia.
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1615-1616
Champlain spends a year among the Wendat, and comes to realize that he still has a lot to learn about indigenous politics and diplomacy.
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1616-1620
As the St. Lawrence fur trade (and interactions with the French) become common features of Wendat life, the Confederacy adapts itself to new economic, cultural, and social realities.
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1616-1622
After almost 20 years of turmoil, Champlain's project finally achieves a degree of stability in both Canada and France.
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1613-1624
A rival Indigenous/European alliance emerges to the south of the St. Lawrence, and threatens to divert the inland fur trade away from New France.
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1624
New leadership in France once again re-invents Canada as an imperial project, with missionaries among the Wendat Confederacy acting as the agents of a trans-Atlantic empire.
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1627
War in Europe casts the presence of the English and Scottish in Atlantic Canada in a new light.
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1627-1632
When war breaks out in Europe, English and Scottish entrepreneurs see an opportunity in a suddenly vulnerable French Canada.
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1633-5
The French reclaim Quebec, and Richelieu gets a clean slate to implement his vision of New France as far more than just a fur market.
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1634
In re-establishing a mission within the Wendat Confederacy, the Jesuits find themselves at the centre of a complex diplomatic network.
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1637
Multiple waves of European infectious diseases sweep through the Great Lakes region, radically altering the societies there.
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1637
Fueled by the destructive force of European diseases, the geo-political stability of the Great Lakes region breaks down, opening a period of sustained warfare.
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1637-8
The Jesuits construct their own mission settlement within the Wendat Confederacy, re-shaping the social and political landscape of Huronia.
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1640-1643
Devastated by war and disease, Algonquins on the Ottawa and St. Lawrence attempt to construct a new community by re-shaping European religion for the Canadian context.
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1644-1646
With Iroquois warriors closing off the fur trade, governor Montmagny is forced to contemplate abandoning his indigenous allies.
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1644-1646
In the face of a common Iroquois military threat, both New France and the Wendat Confederacy undergo dramatic social and political change.
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1647-8
When peace talks break down, Iroquois warriors strike into the heart of Huronia, threatening the very existence of the Laurentian coalition.
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1649-1650
After 200 years, the Wendat Confederacy suddenly collapses, upending the geo-political landscape of the Great Lakes region
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1650-4
After seeking protection outside Quebec, refugees from the Wendat Confederacy remain vulnerable. But divisions within the Iroquois Confederacy present a diplomatic opportunity.
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1635-1654
Multiple Frenchmen vie for control over Acadia, drawing on support from Quebec, Paris, and Boston.
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1654-1660
Ottawa traders and French backwoodsmen combine to bring the old Wendat fur network back to life.
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A distinct French Canadian religious identity begins to emerge out of the apocalyptical atmosphere on the St. Lawrence.
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King Louis XIV determines that in order to preserve Canada, he'll have to step in and administer the colony directly.
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The relationship between aristocrat and peasant shifts as it crosses the Atlantic, creating a new category - the habitant.
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Catching up on developments in the Maritime region - from a haven for English Catholics in Newfoundland, to life for Acadians under English rule.
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After a generation of war, the Iroquois Confederation and the French allied nations find themselves more integrated than ever before.
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Two of New France's premier fur traders leave the colony in frustration, and seek English backers for a rival operation in the far north.
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Missionaries follow fur traders into the pays d'en haut west of New France, and find new societies emerging out of the chaos and migrations of the 1650s.
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The intendant of New France, Jean Talon, conducts and audit and finds that the colony lacks a crucial ingredient - women.
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A devastating war between English settlers and their Abenaki neighbours to the north creates a new geo-political environment for both Canada and Acadia.
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Large scale peace-time migrations produce new hybrid communities on the St. Lawrence. Iroquois, Wendat, and Algonquin identities overlap, and new Christian adaptations emerge.
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Competition with the Iroquois Confederacy forces the French to develop new forms of economic and diplomatic power in the pays d'en haut.
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The new governor of New France attempts to solve the colony's Iroquois problem by marching an army into the wilderness beyond the St. Lawrence.
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Desperate for a victory, the new governor of New France sends a group of French marines and Canadian backwoodsmen to the English trading posts on Hudson Bay.
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A new governor of New France makes a new set of mistakes, escalating the conflict with the Iroquois Confederacy.
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Governor Frontenac makes his triumphant return to New France, and celebrates by delivering a pithy one-liner to an invading army of English Americans.
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The Hudson's Bay Company sends young Henry Kelsey into the unknown interior of North America, to find out how their business actually works.
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The war in North America concludes, but not before the devastation of communities from Newfoundland to the Great Lakes.
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As the fur trade enters a crisis, the French are forced to recognize that the institution has diplomatic and political dimensions beyond its failing economics.
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As diplomats in Europe left the job half-done, indigenous and Canadian leaders gather at Montreal to establish a peace (and a new diplomatic system) that will persist for a generation.
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After a brief pause, war once again breaks out between the English and French, re-opening a thriving war captive economy on the New England frontier.
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The French experiment with a settlement in the heart of the pays d'en haut, but soo find that the politics of the upper country work very different from the inside.
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As enslaved labour becomes more common in New France, owners call on the Crown to explicitly enshrine in law their right to own human property.
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While Canada is protected by geography and Iroquois neutrality, Acadia becomes the target of American fury.
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From Acadia to the pays d'en haut, actors on the ground scramble to translate the Treaty of Utrecht into reality as it crossed the Atlantic.
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In the post-Utrecht Maritimes, both the British and the French construct new colonies, once again leaving Acadians stuck in the middle.
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Now the unchallenged masters of the north, the Hudson's Bay Company slides into a comfortable complacency.
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The French, British, and Iroquois jockey for position in the new political and economic order of the pays d'en haut.
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Having secured Nova Scotia through the Treaty of Utrecht, the British discover that the Mi'kmaq, who possess the majority of the territory, see no reason to respect an agreement they did not participate in.
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A base for a profitable fishery, a training ground for the sailors of the Royal Navy...Newfoundland would have been the perfect imperial possession. That is, if it weren't for the inconvenient existence of Newfoundlanders.
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As Canada emerges as a distinct society from that of France, Canadians also begin to carve out a distinct colonial economy - at times, in opposition to policy-makers at Versailles.
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The Hudson's Bay Company is forced out of its complacency by French competition in the interior, and anti-monopolist agitators back in Britain.
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Despite continued instability in the government at Annapolis Royal (or perhaps because of it) Acadian society enjoys a golden age of peace and prosperity.
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A new war erupts between Britain and France, and the question of Acadian loyalties takes on a violent urgency.
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As Britain and France formalize their new peace in Europe, the seeds of a new conflict are planted on the North American frontier.
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Imperial rivals clash amid a complex geo-political ecosystem in the Ohio Country.
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The British construct a new naval base in Nova Scotia (Halifax), but quickly discover that old territorial disputes with the Mi'kmaq and French alive and well.
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For the first time in more than 60 years the Hudson's Bay Company sends an employee (Anthony Henday) inland, where he discovers the full extent of the Company's supply chains, and a rapidly changing social and political world.
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Britain sends an army across the Atlantic to confront the French interlopers in the Ohio Country. It does not go well.
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After 40 years of failed negotiation and accommodation the colonial government of Nova Scotia solves its Acadian problem through mass deportations.
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A new French general arrives in North America seeking glory, but is disturbed to find that his Canadian and indigenous allies have a very different definition of honour.
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Thanks to a new crop of energetic young officers, the British finally score a victory in North America.
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Two generals meet outside of Quebec to determine the fate of Canada. Sort of.
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Three British armies finish the job James Wolfe began on the Plains of Abraham, and in the process, lay the groundwork for British Canada.
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The Western and Ohio nations (having been excluded from the peace signed in Europe), reminds Britain that the war was more than just an Anglo-French affair.
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Delayed for more than fifty years by the presence of the Acadians, then war, British settlers finally arrive in Nova Scotia.
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In the newly conquered colony of Quebec, colonial officials struggle to integrate a French Catholic population into the Protestant British Empire.
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With their long-time French rivals neutralized by war, the Hudson's Bay Company looks forward to the uncontested exploitation of their monopoly. Instead, the Company faces its gravest threat yet.
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Canada experiences the first in a long line of constitutional experiments, as the parliament at Westminster creates special recognition of French property customs and Catholic toleration in Canada's corner of the Empire.
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With insurrection exploding across North America, governor Carleton scrambles to mobilize Canada's military resources. But Canadian habitants and indigenous warriors alike are unenthusiastic about joining this civil war within the British world.
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With American rebels occupying Montreal, the fate of British Canada rests on governor Carleton's ability to hold the capital of Quebec.
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A handful of home-grown patriots attempt to bring the revolution to Nova Scotia.
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Episode 91: The Undiscovered Country
Russian, Spanish, and British explorers converge on a blank spot on the map in the Northern Pacific.
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Parallel civil wars within the Iroquois Confederacy and the European settlers of the Mohawk Valley lay the seeds for the latest nation of Canada.
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The conflict south of the Great Lakes turns into a prolonged guerilla war, with devastating consequences for both European settlers and the Iroquois Confederacy.
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Tasked with implementing the peace in North America, Guy Carleton scrambles to find new homes for tens of thousands of loyalist exiles.
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Thousands of loyalists descend on Nova Scotia, turning one sleepy corner of the colony, overnight, into the largest urban centre in British North America.
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So many loyalists pour into the St. John valley, that the British decide to carve out a new colony on the continental side of the Bay of Fundy - New Brunswick.
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The independent fur traders of Montreal get organized, and beat the Hudson's Bay Company at their own game.
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Newfoundland emerges from the wars of the 18th century a fully fledged colonial society, complete with its own religious, class, and ethnic divisions.
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As loyalists establish themselves in the Upper St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, the British government takes the opportunity to totally re-organize the colony of Quebec.
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Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe attempts to recreate England in the wilderness around the Great Lakes.
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The institution of slavery finds itself under assault in the courts of British North America, but when Black Loyalists get a chance to leave the largely hostile colonies, many seize the opportunity.
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Spanish, British, and American rivals scramble to secure a base on the Pacific coast, creating a diplomatic crisis half a world away in Europe.
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With the British Empire once again at war with France, ethnic divisions in Lower Canada suddenly take on a greater significance.
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Unfinished business on the western frontier threatens to drag British North America back into a continental war.
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Fur trader Alexander Mackenzie is convinced that the future of the continent lies on the other side of the Rockies, and he's determined to find it.
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As the global war with the French continues, the colonial governments at York and Quebec grow increasingly distrustful of their own subjects.
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The fur trade war escalates as the Northwest Company faces a rival upstart in Montreal. The resulting influx of voyageurs makes French-Canadians a permanent fixture in the landscape of the Northwest.
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Upper Canada matures into a developed colony, complete with shipwrecks, murder, and drunken carriage rides up Yonge Street.
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Simultaneous crises on the Atlantic and on the western frontier bring the United States and Britain closer to war than at any time since the Revolution.
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A prolonged war-time boom propels Newfoundland towards self-sufficiency, while impatient Newfoundlanders wonder if Britain will ever recognize their existence.
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The British experiment with new methods of colonization on an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
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Amid rising political tensions in North America, rival American and Canadian fur companies race to establish a base on the Pacific Ocean.
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After exhausting every other possible disagreement, French-Canadian reformers and Lower Canadian officials battle over the political and civil rights of Jewish Canadians.
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Yet another diplomatic crisis strains Anglo-American relations. Only this time, neither side is able to prevent the descent into war.
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The War of 1812 begins with an invasion of western Upper Canada.
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After his victory at Detroit, Isaac Brock rushes to the Niagara border to meet a second invasion force.
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1813 brings another invasion of Upper Canada, this time threatening to cut the colony in two.
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The second half of 1813 sees the two most important battles of the war, from the perspective of Canadian history. Not coincidentally, British soldiers play a marginal role in the fighting.
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In 1814, as political pressure to end the war builds in both the United States and Britain, each side makes one last bid to end the stalemate on the battlefield.
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After failing to achieve much of anything on the battlefield, Britain and the United States bring their costly misadventure to an end at the negotiating table.
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The rivalry between the Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company reaches new heights, as the HBC plants a colony right in the middle of the NWC supply network.
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With pitched battles, foreign mercenaries, and mass arrests, the fur trade reaches a state of conflict not seen since the Beaver Wars of the 17th century.
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The Royal Navy's emancipation policy produces a post-war migration of escaped slaves to Nova Scotia. The new arrivals find the colony just as inhospitable as the Black Loyalists had a generation earlier.
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The end of the War of 1812 brings new waves of settlers across the Atlantic, where they face a climate anomaly unlike anything seen in living memory.
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The whipping of two impoverished fishermen galvanizes popular opposition to the Royal Navy's rule over Newfoundland. The result is the first reform legislation in more than a century.
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An English statistician visits Upper Canada, and sparks a political reform movement that would last generations.
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The fur wars finally come to an end, and for the first time, a single company holds an uncontested monopoly in the northwest.
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Looking for something to do after the Napoleonic Wars, the officers of the Royal Navy seek out a new challenge in the arctic.
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Lumber overtakes fur as British North America's primary export. The forests of New Brunswick offer the greatest rewards in the new industry, but also the gravest dangers.
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French-Canadians and Kahnawake Iroquois both struggle to define their identities in a rapidly changing Lower Canadian environment.
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Upper Canadian Anglicans attempt to fashion a definition of loyalty and Canadian identity that excludes other denominations - a project that meets resistance from the colony's Methodists.
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Upper Canada struggles to come to terms with the fact that a large proportion of its population is made up of immigrants from a recently hostile neighbour.
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Desperate to consolidate its control over the Pacific Northwest before the arrival of American rivals, the Hudson's Bay Company adopts some innovative, ruthless tactics in the fur trade.
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A new wave of migration from Britain alters the demographic landscape of the Canadas - and also brings with it a public health crisis.
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In the same of economic development and imperial security, Upper Canada re-shapes the landscape of the Niagara peninsula and the Ottawa valley.
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The polarization of Lower Canadian politics intensifies, and begins to effect other aspects of society, including women's suffrage and civil rights for the colony's black population.
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In Nova Scotia, distinctions between Planters, Loyalists, and British migrants begin to disappear as a new, shared identity emerges.
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A maturing Upper Canada exits its pioneering phase. To mark the occasion the colony's capital gets a new name, initiating a long tradition of Torontonians believing they live at the centre of the universe, and everyone else being somewhat less impressed.
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A new Lieutenant-Governor arrives in Upper Canada with a plan to insulate indigenous nations from the setter population - but he runs into trouble when he fails to either consult indigenous leaders, or follow diplomatic protocol.
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Upper Canada's new Lieutenant-Governor arrives with a mandate to bring harmony to colonial politics - a mission he seeks to carry out through partisan interference, electoral manipulation, and intimidation.
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With a conflict looming between the Patriotes and the colonial government, both sides look to the majority habitant population for support, only to discover neither of them know much about rural Lower Canada.
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After years of fruitless political gridlock, the Patriotes of Lower Canada take up arms against the British Empire.
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In Upper Canada, a charismatic populist leads a march on the capital, convincing a group of frustrated insurrectionaries that they will be greeted as liberators, restoring constitutional government.
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Canadian rebels flee into American exile, and immediately find allies willing to join them in re-opening the insurrection. The situation immediately transforms from colonial rebellion to international diplomatic crisis.
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From Maine to Michigan, a network of underground cells plots an invasion that would turn Canada into a new Texas in the north.
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Just as the conflict in the borderlands ends, a new crisis erupts on the Maine/New Brunswick frontier as rival logging parties clash in a long-disputed territory.
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A former Governor-General of British North America offers Westminster his recommendations for post-rebellion Canada, sparking a mass popular movement in Upper Canada.
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Newfoundland reformers finally achieve their goal of representative self-government. However, after a series of violent elections, London and the elites of St. John's decide to pull the plug on the constitutional experiment.
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In the aftermath of the 1837 rebellions, the two Canadas are united. But while the British authorities hope this change will marginalize the French Canadian minority, a group of reformers see the opportunity to create a trans-national coalition.
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After multiple diplomatic crises that nearly veered into war, Britain and the United States hold a summit to resolve their outstanding differences in North America, from disputed borders to the extradition of escaped slaves.
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Anglo-Russian border tensions on the Pacific coast are enlivened by a murder in the Hudson's Bay Company's most remote trading post.
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In an effort to improve its brand in Britain, the Hudson's Bay Company allows missionaries into the northwest to minister to its indigenous partners, shifting the political and social landscape of the region.
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With the collapse of the Patriote movement, the Catholic Church re-emerges as a key pillar of French Canadian national identity. At the same time, habitant families begin looking beyond the crowded St. Lawrence valley.
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Post-rebellion Canadian politics are muddied by a series of untimely deaths in the Governor-General office.
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A generation after the military alliances of the War of 1812, indigenous communities and the Canadian state begin forging a new relationship.
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The arrival of American settlers in significant numbers, and a bellicose presidential campaign in the United States, force an end to the Anglo-American power sharing agreement in the Pacific Northwest.
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An increase in Catholic migration from Ireland reshapes Canada's demographic landscape, and reminds the Orange Order in the colony of its original, sectarian identity.
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As revolutions sweep across Europe, two former rivals in Nova Scotia carry out their own political transformation.
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Canadians take to the streets of Montreal to re-fight the 1837 rebellion, destroying the parliament building in the process.
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Independent Metis traders in the Red River colony provide the Hudson's Bay Company with the greatest challenge to its monopoly in 180 years.
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As New Brunswick struggles with the loss of preferential access to the British lumber market and an influx of Catholic migration from Ireland, ethnic and religious tensions play out on the streets of St. John.
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The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in the United States accelerates black migration across the international border, creating new communities and re-shaping the racial politics of Upper Canada.
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Shingwauk, an Ojibwe chief in the Sault Ste. Marie area, calls on the Canadian government to form an economic partnership for the development of the territory north of Upper Canada.
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An attempt to implement a publicly funding school system produces mob violence in Lower Canada, and a slew of court battles in Upper Canada.
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The tenant farmers of Prince Edward Island decide they no longer want any part of an experiment to revive a bygone era of aristocratic land tenure.
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The desperate search for a Royal Navy expedition sparks the most concentrated burst of exploration in the history of the Canadian arctic.
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Teacher and newspaper editor Mary Ann Shadd initiates a debate about what Canada's role in ought to be in furthering the cause of blacks in North America.
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Taking a page out of the Reformers book, a new generation of conservatives form a coalition across the linguistic divide.
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Deprived of preferential access to the British market, the colonies seek economic salvation in the form of railroads and free trade with the United States.
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In an effort to avoid a repeat of the Oregon surrender, the Hudson's Bay Company establishes a settler colony on Vancouver Island. The early returns are, however, mixed.
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Almost two hundred years after its founding, the Hudson's Bay Company is forced to contemplate a world without its monopoly charter.
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The discovery of gold on Fraser River attracts a flood of American prospectors, threatening a repeat of the Oregon crisis, and further surrenders of British territory in the Pacific Northwest.
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As the gold rush hits Vancouver Island, Governor James Douglas searches California for migrants unlikely to agitate for annexation into the United States.
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A reformed rebel arrives in Montreal, intent on constructing a distinct Canadian national identity that includes British, French, and Irish components.
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Canadian politics enters a state of paralysis as trans-national coalition governments become ever more difficult to maintain. The only answer appears to be dramatic constitutional reform.
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The Prince of Wales visits Canada, and discovers that some of his mother's subjects there are a bit too loyal to the Crown.
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The Canadian government formalizes its assimilationist Indian policy in statute, sparking a new round of resistance and political organization among indigenous communities.
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The outbreak of the Civil War in the United States creates both threats and opportunities for British North Americans.
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The American Civil War comes to the Maritime colonies, as a network of Confederate agents develops in Halifax.
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While the Civil War rages in the east, the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia face their own conflicts.
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With Canada facing crippling railway debts, political paralysis and dysfunction, and a looming security threat, George Brown proposes major constitutional change.
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Canadian delegates crash a conference on Maritime Union, and present a much more ambitious confederation of British North American possessions.
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Attempting to stave off defeat, an increasingly desperate Confederacy turns to an espionage campaign in Canada, perched on the Union's unprotected northern flank.
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When all conventional political solutions to Prince Edward Island's intractable Land Question fail (including union with Canada), the farmers of the colony take matters into their own hands.
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As the Maritime delegates return home from the Quebec conference, they discover that the voting public does not necessarily approve of their work.
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The end of the Civil War in the United States creates a military threat to British North America, though not the one many Canadians feared.
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After several false alarms British North America undergoes two Fenian invasions in a matter of weeks, creating the greatest security crisis in a generation.
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Two and a half years after the Quebec Conference, and after bitter debates, dead-ends, political pressure of dubious constitutionality from London, two elections in New Brunswick, and an invasion or two, confederation finally comes into effect.
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The podcast takes a pause in the narrative to field questions from listeners.
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In the first year of its existence, Canada faces a province seeking to leave the union, and the assassination of one of its leading politicians.
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Wary Newfoundlanders contemplate an invitation to join the Canadian confederation.
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Canada begins its first great national project - a settlement frontier in the northwest.
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Ottawa's plans for expansion in the northwest meet resistance on the Red River.
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In the thrilling conclusion to the Red River Crisis, Ottawa agrees to several of the provisional government's demands, creating hte province of Manitoba, but more ominously, also despatches a military expedition into the northwest.
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As British and American diplomats gather in Washington for the largest Anglo-American conference in a generation, John A. Macdonald joins the British delegation, to ensure Canadian interests are represented.
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As Canada seeks an outlet on the Pacific Ocean, the colonists of British Columbia contemplate their future in the British Empire.
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Manitoba, Canada's newest province, is faced with the challenge of managing an anxious Metis majority, a well-armed Canadian minority, and the possible threat of a Fenian invasion.
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Canadian negotiators begin the treaty-making process in the northwest, and find their work far more challenging than they anticipated.
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As Canada industrializes, a labour movement emerges in Hamilton, Ontario, seeking a dignified role for workers in the emerging modern economy.
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Railway debt and pressure from Britain forces Prince Edward Island to reconsider joining Canada, as the seventh province of confederation.
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Shortly after a successful re-election campaign, a railway corruption scandal brings down John A. Macdonald's government.
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The Canadian government begins advertising its northwestern frontier to prospective settlers, but finds that it needs to get creative to compete with the United States.
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After a two year hiatus, and numerous disputes over what was promised in earlier agreements, the Canadian government resumes its treaty-making campaign in the northwest.
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