The Future of Everything - Stanford Engineering

Latest Episodes:

Best of: How do you build a better robot? By understanding people. Apr 19, 2024

Show notes

A best of episode where Russ interviews computer scientist and electrical engineer, Dorsa Sadigh. They had a fantastic conversation about the work she’s doing to train robots to better understand humans, and as she shares, it turns out that one key to this work is better understanding human behavior. If you’re curious about how we’re going to make human-robot interaction work, this is a great episode to tune into again. Enjoy.

Episode Reference Links:

Dorsa Sadigh: Website
Dorsa Sadigh: Stanford Profile
Ep.171 - How do you Build a Better Robot? By Understanding People. YouTube / Website (original episode)

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Dorsa Sadigh, a computer scientist and electrical engineer at Stanford.

(00:02:24) Bridging Robotics and Human Psychology

The journey from focusing solely on robotics to incorporating human behavioural insights to enhance robot design and functionality.

(00:05:31) Blending Cognitive Science and Robotics

The integration of cognitive science with robotics to build better computational models of human behaviour.

(00:07:35) Addressing Suboptimal Human Decision Making

Exploring human decision-making biases and their impact on robot interaction, with focus on bounded rationality and prospect theory.

(00:10:39) Robot Adaptations to Human Imperfections

How robots can adapt to human imperfections in collaborative tasks, using theories from behavioural economics.

(00:14:57) Training Robots and Humans for Better Interaction

Strategies for teaching both humans and robots to improve their interactions, including active teaching and understanding each other’s capabilities.

(00:18:41) Partner Modelling in Robotics

Insights into partner modelling in robotics, demonstrated through a scalable model in an air hockey game setup.

(00:21:54) Complex Multi-Agent Interactions

Addressing the dynamics of multi-agent systems like traffic, where autonomous and human-driven vehicles interact.

(00:24:11) Robots in Healthcare

The role of robots in healthcare, particularly in assistive technologies, and the challenges and advancements in this area.

(00:26:26) Conclusion

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Best of: Why AI must embody the values of its users Apr 12, 2024

Show notes

We’re bringing back an episode about trust and AI. In a world where the use of Artificial Intelligence is exploding, guest computer scientist Carlos Guestrin shares insights from the work he’s doing to support the development of trust between humans and machines. We originally recorded this episode in 2022, but the insights are just as if not more relevant today. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy.

Episode Reference Links:

Carlos Ernesto Guestrin (Stanford Profile)
Carlos Guestrin (Carlos’ Website)
Measuring Patients' Trust In Physicians When Assessing Quality Of Care (Paper Carlos discusses as comparison to his work with AI)
Adding Glycemic And Physical Activity Metrics To A Multimodal Algorithm-Enabled Decision-Support Tool For Type 1 Diabetes Care (Carlos’ published paper about Stanford Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital diabetes type 1 project)
XGBoost Documentation (Carlos’ out-source project)
Ep.172 - Why AI Must Embody the Value of Its Users YouTube / Website (Original Episode)

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces the episode with guest Carlos Guestrin, a professor of computer science at Stanford, whose focus is bringing AI into broader use.

(00:02:58) Current Status of AI

The current capabilities of AI and machine learning and the widespread use and integration of these technologies.

(00:05:44) Deep Dive into Trust and AI

Three core components of trust in AI and how these factors influence the adoption and efficacy of AI systems.

(00:09:43) Technical Challenges in Implementing Trust

The challenges of translating the abstract concepts of trust into practical, implementable AI features.

(00:14:32) Enhancing AI Transparency and Generalization

Methods to improve AI’s generalisation capabilities and transparency.

(00:18:00) The Role of Open-Source in AI Development

The impact of open-source software on the AI field, highlighting the benefits of shared knowledge and collaborative advancements.

(00:22:34) AI in Healthcare

Healthcare and the use of AI in enhancing data-driven decisions in medical treatments.

(00:27:11) Conclusion

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The future of addiction Apr 05, 2024

Show notes

Guest Anna Lembke is a psychiatrist and a specialist in the behavioral sciences who studies addiction. While there is tremendous variety in the things people can be addicted to, all forms are tied to dopamine, a biochemical that is key to human senses of pleasure, reward, and motivation. She says that new treatments are combining traditional abstinence with programs that help patients reenergize dopamine centers in the brain through physical exercise, which is a known producer of dopamine. If patients can reach 30 days of abstinence there is a good chance at recovery, Lembke tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

Anna Lembke's Stanford Profile
Anna Lembke's Website
How do we fight the disease of addiction? (Anna's previous episode on The Future of Everything podcast)

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Anna Lembke, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University, and an expert on addiction.

(00:02:27) The Personal Nature of Addiction

Professor Lembke shares a personal story of addiction to romance novels, providing insight into how seemingly benign habits can become harmful addictions.

(00:06:02) The Brain Chemistry of Addiction

What happens in the brain during addiction, including dopamine's role in pleasure, reward, and the process of becoming addicted.

(00:11:10) Addressing Addiction in Healthcare

How the medical community has evolved in recognizing and treating addiction, partly due to the opioid epidemic.

(00:13:23) Strategies for Managing and Treating Addiction

Treatment approaches for addiction, including the concept of hormesis, and how engaging in challenging physical activities can help manage addictive behaviors.

(00:17:31) Treatment and Recovery from Addiction

Professor Lembke’s own experience with overcoming her addiction through self-intervention and “dopamine fasting”.

(00:22:05) The Addictive Personality and Genetic Vulnerabilities

The concept of an "addictive personality," genetic predispositions to addiction, and how these factors play into the challenge of treating and managing addiction.

(00:23:29) The Opioid Epidemic: Insights and Challenges

An update on the opioid epidemic, the rise of fentanyl, and the ongoing challenges in addressing opioid addiction.

(00:29:08) The Future of Addiction

The broader context of addiction in society, emphasizing the importance of addressing addiction to digital media and other non-substance-related addictions

(00:29:57) Conclusion

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The future of computer music Mar 29, 2024

Show notes

Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds.

Ge Wang is a professor of music, a computer scientist, and director of the Stanford Laptop Orchestra – an orchestra in which human musicians and computers collaborate to make music. “I once thought computer music was abstract and inaccessible, but it can be very playful, too,” he says. Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds, Wang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

Ge Wang's Stanford Profile
Ge Wang's Personal Website
Stanford Laptop Orchestra (SLOrk) Ge Wang directs: Stanford Laptop Orchestra
Music programming language Ge Wang built: ChucK
Ge Wang’s book: Artful Design: Technology in Search of the Sublime
Artful Design | Pi-shaped Person
Artful Design | Ocarina
Scott A. Lindroth (Ge Wang’s professor at Duke who taught his first computer music class)
Perry R. Cook (Ge Wang’s Computer Science professor at Princeton who inspired him to merge computers and music)

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Ge Wang and his work around the intersection of AI, computer science, and music.

(00:02:48) Early Inspirations and Merging Music with Technology

Ge Wang shares his early experiences with music and computers, leading to his unique career path combining both passions.

(00:07:42) Developing Musical Tools and Instruments

Significance of playfulness in merging music with computer science, illustrated by projects like the Ocarina app and the Stanford Laptop Orchestra.

(00:13:27) The Role and Impact of AI in Music

The evolution of AI in music, with deeper questions about AI's role and the value of human creativity.

(00:18:28) Music, AI, and Future Generations

The future of music and AI in the context of a parent, and the cultural dimensions and values that will shape the use of technology in art.

(00:20:19) Ethical and Cultural Concerns of AI in Music

Ethical dilemmas and cultural implications of using AI in music, copyright issues and the potential for generic AI-generated content.

(00:25:09) Rethinking the Role of AI in the Creative Process

AI’s role in creativity, the value of the creative process over the mere output, and the potential for AI to enrich rather than replace human creativity.

(00:29:32) The Concept of a Pi-Shaped Person

The "Pi-Shaped Person," with emphasis on the importance of disciplinary expertise, domain knowledge, and an aesthetic lens.

(00:33:52) Conclusion

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The future of pediatric pain Mar 22, 2024

Show notes

Laura Simons is a clinical psychologist and an authority on pain, particularly chronic pain in childhood, which is much more common than widely understood. Most people don't even think chronic pain happens in children, says Simons. The consequences, however, are serious, ranging from learning gaps from missed school to social isolation and even depression. Better treatment begins with a better understanding of the science of pain, as Simons tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

Laura Simons | Stanford Medicine
International Association for the Study of Pain | IASP (Website for the association Laura mentions)
Beth Darnall (Beth Darnall’s website, founder of Empowered Relief)
Empowered Relief (Program Laura works with for pain management)
TrainPain (Program Laura is working with on virtual realities studies for pain relief)

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Laura Simons and her research on chronic childhood pain.

(00:02:34) Understanding the Scope and Causes of Childhood Chronic Pain

Common forms of childhood pain, its underlying causes, and the impact of unrecognized chronic conditions.

(00:05:08) Diagnostic Challenges and Family Dynamics

The difficulties in diagnosing chronic pain in children and adolescents, and the role of family in recognizing and managing a child's chronic pain.

(00:07:38) The Impact of Chronic Pain on Children's Lives

How chronic pain affects children's daily lives, from school attendance and social interactions to the broader family impact.

(00:10:15) Transitioning from Adolescent to Adult Pain Management

The challenges young people face as they move from pediatric to adult pain management systems and the importance of tailored transitional programs.

(00:12:07) Treatment Approaches and Innovations

Treatment strategies for childhood chronic pain, emphasizing non-pharmacological approaches such as behavioral interventions and physical therapy.

(00:19:14) Empowered Relief Program and Its Adaptation for Teens

The Empowered Relief program, adapted for teens, focusing on pain science education and the development of coping strategies.

(00:23:48) Exploring Virtual Reality and Sensory Retraining Techniques

Advanced treatment methods, including the use of virtual reality to enhance physical therapy and sensory retraining techniques to manage pain sensitivity.

(00:28:57) Conclusion

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The future of measuring cancer Mar 15, 2024

Show notes

Guest Olivier Gevaert is an expert in multi-modal biomedical data modeling and recently developed new methods in the new science of “spatial transcriptomics” that are able to predict how cancer cells present spatially and will behave in the future.

Tumors are not monolithic, he says, but made up of various cell types. Spatial transcriptomics measures cells in the undisturbed organization of the tumor itself and enables a more detailed study of tumors. This new technology can be used to determine what type of cells are present spatially and how each cell influences neighboring cells. It paints a picture of tumor heterogeneity, Gevaert tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Olivier Gavaert

His work in the advancement of spatial transcriptomics technologies.

(00:02:52) The Basics of Transcriptomics

Transcriptomics’ significance in identifying active genes in cancer cells and the technological advancements enabling this research.

(00:05:34) Heterogeneity and Cell interaction in Cancer

Heterogeneity within cancer cells and the importance of analyzing the interactions between various cell types to develop treatments.

(00:07:19) Advancements in Brain Cancer Research

Recent studies on brain cancer using spatial omics techniques to understand tumor cell types and their spatial organization for prognosis prediction.

(00:10:53) AI and Whole Slide Imaging in Oncology

How AI and machine learning are combined with whole slide imaging to enhance data resolution and interpret spatial transcriptomic data.

(00:14:49) Enhancing Pathology with AI

Integrating AI with pathology to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment by analyzing whole slide images and predicting cell types.

(00:18:40) Multimodal Data Fusion in Cancer Treatment

Importance of combining different data modalities to create comprehensive models for personalized cancer treatment.

(00:24:49) The Future of Synthetic Data and Digital Twins

Synthetic data and digital twins in oncology, and how these technologies can simulate treatment outcomes and support personalized medicine.

(00:29:16) Conclusion

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The future of reading Mar 08, 2024

Show notes

Rebecca Silverman is an expert in how humans learn to read. It’s a complex process, she says. First we must connect letters and sounds to decode words in texts. Researchers know a lot about the decoding process and how to teach it. But, beyond that, we must also comprehend what the words in texts are conveying. Comprehension is complex, and researchers know much less about the comprehension process and how to teach it, Silverman tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

Rebecca Silverman’s Research Lab: Language to Literacy Lab

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Reading Challenges

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Rebecca Sliverman and her research into the complexities of reading.

(00:03:53) Decoding vs. Comprehension

The breakdown of reading into decoding and comprehension, the challenges associated with each, and the lifelong process of improving these skills.

(00:07:18) Variability in Learning to Read

How children learn to read, including the impacts of linguistic comprehension, memory and socio-emotional contexts.

(00:09:55) Cross-Cultural Differences in Reading

The variability of reading acquisition across languages and cultures, highlighting the components of reading that vary in their developmental trajectory.

(00:11:35) Research Challenges and Interventions in Reading

Current research on the challenges of reading, particularly in identifying and supporting children with difficulties.

(00:15:03) The Role of Technology in Reading

The impact of technology on reading, the differences between reading on paper and digital formats, and the potential of educational technology in literacy development.

(00:20:38) Importance of Family in Reading Development

How families play a role in early reading, with emphasis on storytelling and culturally relevant practices.

(00:23:52) Challenges for Teachers in Literacy Education

Responsibilities of teachers in teaching literacy and the need for comprehensive support and training for teachers.

(00:27:44) Future Directions and the Potential of AI

Future research on AI in literacy education, and the importance of human oversight in technological interventions.

(00:29:29) Conclusion

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The future of culture Mar 01, 2024

Show notes

Professor and cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand’s latest book, Rule Makers, Rule Breakers, explores notions of what she calls “tight” and “loose” cultures, and how each shapes us as individuals and the world around us. Tight cultures closely follow unwritten cultural norms, while those on the looser side have more latitude. Culture is complicated, she says, but understanding its nuances is key to understanding the world, Gelfand tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ introduces Michele Gelfand and her research on the study of culture and cultural intelligence.

(00:02:33) Defining Culture

A working definition of culture and the invisible impact of cultural norms, values, and beliefs.

(00:03:46) The Tight-Loose Spectrum

The concept of tight and loose cultures and how social norms vary across cultures.

(00:06:30) Cultural Variance within and between Societies

Variations of tight-loose norms at national, state, and organizational levels, and the role of threat in shaping these norms.

(00:11:34) Cultural Intelligence in Global Leadership

How the tight-loose spectrum and cultural studies inform leadership, and the significance of cultural intelligence (CQ) in global interactions.

(00:18:59) Cultural Evolutionary Mismatch

Implications for global threats and societal responses.

(00:23:56) Applying Cultural Insights in Business

Insights on applying cultural understanding to improve business mergers, negotiations, and the success of expatriate assignments.

(00:26:09) Enhancing Cultural Intelligence

Improving cultural intelligence and steps individuals can take to enhance their CQ and adapt to cultural differences.

(00:28:48) Urban vs. Rural Cultural Differences

Tight-loose division in politics and societal contexts, and the cultural divide between urban and rural areas.

(00:31:19) Conclusion

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Best of: What makes a surgeon great? Feb 23, 2024

Show notes

We’re taking you into our archive of over 250 episodes to re-share an interview Russ Altman did in 2022 with Stanford Medicine Professor of Surgery, Carla Pugh. Performing surgery is profoundly complex and requires precision, dexterity and lots of practice. Dr. Pugh shares about how she’s studying the movements of skilled surgeons to better understand what makes them successful, which can in turn help to improve training for new surgeons.

Episode Reference Links:

Technology Enabled Clinical Improvement Center
Dr. Pugh’s Research: Use of sensors to quantify procedural idle time

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction
Host Russ Altman introduces the episode with Dr. Carla Pugh discussing her research studying the movements of surgeons to improve surgical training.

(00:02:27) Dr. Carla Pugh's Research and Goals
Introduction of Dr. Carla Pugh and her research utilizing sensor technology to quantify physician performance and the long-term goals of her research.

(00:04:32) Wearable Sensors in Surgical Training
How wearable sensors are being used, and the reaction of surgeons to being monitored.

(00:06:21) Expertise Identification & Universality of Movement
How idle time and motion tracking can distinguish between novice and expert surgeons & how expert surgeons exhibit similar motion patterns.

(00:10:10) Expert vs. Novice Surgeon Behaviors
Observed differences in speed and precision between expert and novice surgeons, & working volume.

(00:12:48) Ethical Considerations
The ethical considerations of measuring surgeon performance, with a focus on
managing the careers of aging surgeons through data-driven decisions.

(00:16:03) The Role of Robotics in Surgery
The current and future roles of robots in surgery, debunking myths, setting realistic expectations & how this research can be applied.

(00:20:29) Demand for Robotic Surgery and Tech Trust
Patients' trust in technology and robots for surgery and the pitfalls of relying too much on the technology, using orthopedic surgery as a specific example.

(00:23:07) Preserving Human Skills in Medicine
Dr. Pugh elaborates the importance of capturing human surgical skills amidst the rise of automation in order to maintain a record of traditional practices.

(00:24:49) Evolution of Surgical Procedures and Techniques
The evolution of surgical procedures due to technological advancements, and how surgeons transition between different surgical technologies.

(00:27:17) Conclusion

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The future of bioprinting Feb 16, 2024

Show notes

Mark Skylar-Scott is one of the world’s foremost experts on the 3D printing of human tissue, cell by cell. It’s a field better known as bioprinting. But Skylar-Scott hopes to take things to a level most never imagined. He and his collaborators are working to bioprint an entire living, working human heart. We’re printing biology, Skylar-Scott tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

Skylar-Scott Lab

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest Mark Skylar-Scott and his work bioprinting the heart.

(00:02:15) What is Bioprinting & Tissue Engineering?

Explanation of bioprinting and its distinction from traditional 3D printing. Overview of the technology and its applications in tissue engineering and how to get the cells for this purpose.

(00:06:37) Engineering the Cells of the Heart

The 11 different cell types of the heart that are being created, and the steps involved in printing them, scaffolding them, and how they form tissue.

(00:12:23) Building Hearts: Size and Growth Considerations

The scale of bio-printed hearts, potential strategies for growth and integration, & technical challenges in controlling cell growth and development.

(00:15:05) Scaling Up Cell Production

The importance of scaling up cell production for efficient experimentation. Exploration of the transition from laboratory research to clinical implementation.

(00:18:40) Vascularization: The Key to Functional Bioprinted Organs

Critical importance of creating a comprehensive vascular network & the challenges of integrating capillaries and ensuring nutrient delivery to all cells.

(00:23:00) Ethical Considerations in Bioprinting

Examination of the ethical issues surrounding the use of human cells in bioprinting, focusing on consent and the potential for inequality in access due to cost.

(00:26:12) The Future of Bioprinting: Timeline and Field Dynamics

Projections about the timeline for the clinical application of bio-printed organs and the state of collaborative competition within the fabrication field.

(00:28:28) Conclusion

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