In Our Time: Science

Latest Episodes:

Catastrophism Jan 30, 2014

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Catastrophism, the idea that natural disasters have had a significant influence in moulding the Earth's geological features. In 1822 William Buckland, the first reader of Geology at the University of Oxford, published his famous Reliquae Diluvianae, in which he ascribed most of the fossil record to the effects of Noah's flood. Charles Lyell in his Principles of Geology challenged these writings, arguing that geological change was slow and gradual, and that the processes responsible could still be seen at work today - a school of thought known as Uniformitarianism. But in the 1970s the idea that natural catastrophes were a major factor in the Earth's geology was revived and given new respectability by the discovery of evidence of a gigantic asteroid impact 65 million years ago, believed by many to have resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.

With:

Andrew Scott Leverhulme Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Earth Sciences at Royal Holloway, University of London

Jan Zalasiewicz Senior Lecturer in Geology at the University of Leicester

Leucha Veneer Visiting Scholar at the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Manchester

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Complexity Dec 19, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss complexity and how it can help us understand the world around us. When living beings come together and act in a group, they do so in complicated and unpredictable ways: societies often behave very differently from the individuals within them. Complexity was a phenomenon little understood a generation ago, but research into complex systems now has important applications in many different fields, from biology to political science. Today it is being used to explain how birds flock, to predict traffic flow in cities and to study the spread of diseases.

With:

Ian Stewart Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of Warwick

Jeff Johnson Professor of Complexity Science and Design at the Open University

Professor Eve Mitleton-Kelly Director of the Complexity Research Group at the London School of Economics.

Producer: Thomas Morris.

The Microscope Nov 28, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the development of the microscope, an instrument which has revolutionised our knowledge of the world and the organisms that inhabit it. In the seventeenth century the pioneering work of two scientists, the Dutchman Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke in England, revealed the teeming microscopic world that exists at scales beyond the capabilities of the naked eye.

The microscope became an essential component of scientific enquiry by the nineteenth century, but in the 1930s a German physicist, Ernst Ruska, discovered that by using a beam of electrons he could view structures much tinier than was possible using visible light. Today light and electron microscopy are among the most powerful tools at the disposal of modern science, and new techniques are still being developed.

With:

Jim Bennett Visiting Keeper at the Science Museum in London

Sir Colin Humphreys Professor of Materials Science and Director of Research at the University of Cambridge

Michelle Peckham Professor of Cell Biology at the University of Leeds

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Galen Oct 10, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Roman physician and medical theorist Galen. The most celebrated doctor in the ancient world, Galen was Greek by birth but spent most of his career in Rome, where he was personal physician to three Emperors. He was one of the most prolific authors of his age, and a sixth of all surviving ancient literature in Greek was written by him. Celebrated in his own lifetime, he was regarded as the preeminent medical authority for centuries after his death, both in the Arab world and in medieval Europe. It was only the discoveries of Renaissance science which removed Galen from his dominant position in the pantheon of medicine.

With:

Vivian Nutton Emeritus Professor of the History of Medicine at University College London

Helen King Professor of Classical Studies at the Open University

Caroline Petit Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Classics at the University of Warwick

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Exoplanets Oct 03, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss exoplanets. Astronomers have speculated about the existence of planets beyond our solar system for centuries. Although strenuous efforts were made to find such planets orbiting distant stars, it was not until the 1990s that instruments became sophisticated enough to detect such remote objects. In 1992 Dale Frail and Aleksander Wolszczan discovered the first confirmed exoplanets: two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. Since then, astronomers have discovered more than 900 exoplanets, and are able to reach increasingly sophisticated conclusions about what they look like - and whether they might be able to support life. Recent data from experiments such as NASA's space telescope Kepler indicates that such planets may be far more common than previously suspected.

With:

Carolin Crawford Gresham Professor of Astronomy and a member of the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge

Don Pollacco Professor of Astronomy at the University of Warwick

Suzanne Aigrain Lecturer in Astrophysics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of All Souls College.

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Pascal Sep 19, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests begin a new series of the programme with a discussion of the French polymath Blaise Pascal. Born in 1623, Pascal was a brilliant mathematician and scientist, inventing one of the first mechanical calculators and making important discoveries about fluids and vacuums while still a young man. In his thirties he experienced a religious conversion, after which he devoted most of his attention to philosophy and theology. Although he died in his late thirties, Pascal left a formidable legacy as a scientist and pioneer of probability theory, and as one of seventeenth century Europe's greatest writers.

With:

David Wootton Anniversary Professor of History at the University of York

Michael Moriarty Drapers Professor of French at the University of Cambridge

Michela Massimi Senior Lecturer in the Philosophy of Science at the University of Edinburgh.

Producer: Thomas Morris.

The Invention of Radio Jul 04, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the invention of radio. In the early 1860s the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell derived four equations which together describe the behaviour of electricity and magnetism. They predicted the existence of a previously unknown phenomenon: electromagnetic waves. These waves were first observed in the early 1880s, and over the next two decades a succession of scientists and engineers built increasingly elaborate devices to produce and detect them. Eventually this gave birth to a new technology: radio. The Italian Guglielmo Marconi is commonly described as the father of radio - but many other figures were involved in its development, and it was not him but a Canadian, Reginald Fessenden, who first succeeded in transmitting speech over the airwaves.

With:

Simon Schaffer Professor of the History of Science at the University of Cambridge

Elizabeth Bruton Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Leeds

John Liffen Curator of Communications at the Science Museum, London

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Relativity Jun 06, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Einstein's theories of relativity. Between 1905 and 1917 Albert Einstein formulated a theoretical framework which transformed our understanding of the Universe. The twin theories of Special and General Relativity offered insights into the nature of space, time and gravitation which changed the face of modern science. Relativity resolved apparent contradictions in physics and also predicted several new phenomena, including black holes. It's regarded today as one of the greatest intellectual achievements of the twentieth century, and had an impact far beyond the world of science.

With:

Ruth Gregory Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Durham University

Martin Rees Astronomer Royal and Emeritus Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics at the University of Cambridge

Roger Penrose Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford.

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Cosmic Rays May 16, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss cosmic rays. In 1912 the physicist Victor Hess discovered that the Earth is under constant bombardment from radiation coming from outside our atmosphere. These so-called cosmic rays have been known to cause damage to satellites and electronic devices on Earth, but most are absorbed by our atmosphere. The study of cosmic rays and their effects has led to major breakthroughs in particle physics. But today physicists are still trying to establish where these highly energetic subatomic particles come from.

With:

Carolin Crawford Gresham Professor of Astronomy and a member of the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge

Alan Watson Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Leeds

Tim Greenshaw Professor of Physics at the University of Liverpool.

Producer: Thomas Morris.

Water Mar 28, 2013

Show notes

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss one of the simplest and most remarkable of all molecules: water. Water is among the most abundant substances on Earth, covering more than two-thirds of the planet. Consisting of just three atoms, the water molecule is superficially simple in its structure but extraordinary in its properties. It is a rare example of a substance that can be found on Earth in gaseous, liquid and solid forms, and thanks to its unique chemical behaviour is the basis of all known life. Scientists are still discovering new things about it, such as the fact that there are at least fifteen different forms of ice.

Hasok Chang Hans Rausing Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge

Andrea Sella Professor of Chemistry at University College London

Patricia Hunt Senior Lecturer in Chemistry at Imperial College London.

Producer: Thomas Morris.

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