Endling

Episode 10 - The Moa Nov 23, 2020

Hello, everyone, and thank you for your patience while I moved back to the US! In this episode I cover the extinction of the moa. While we think of the moa as a giant bird-and rightly so- it is imperative to realize that there were actually 9 species of moa living on New Zealand when humans first arrived to the islands. What happened that could have brought an entire family down? Find out in this episode!

Editing for this episode was provided by Kalie Shaw. For more information about editing, you can contact her at kalieshaw99@gmail.com.

Kalie's Demo Reel and Credited Editor Roles

Sources:

Books: Quest Aotearoa by John Tasker

http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TreRace.html

Moa Browsing Evidence:

https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1861.pdf

Baby Moa Growth Rates:

https://theplosblog.plos.org/2014/06/baby-moa-bones/

Wood et al 2008:

https://tinyurl.com/y522kwl6

Allentoft et al 2014:

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/13/4922

Huynen et al 2014:

https://tinyurl.com/y536dkds

Other sources:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091118092633.htm

https://www.nzbirds.com/birds/moagiant.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-color-was-that-moa-13810770/

The cover art for the episode is a recreation of Megalapteryx (Upland Moa) by George Edward Lodge in 1907. Photo via Wikimedia.

The Good with the Bad - September 2020 Oct 02, 2020

This month, I cover the removal of an invasive species from Hawaii, the destruction of nearly the entire population of Tiehm's Buckwheat in Nevada, and the hard work done to remove invasive predators from a massive area in Australia's Mallee Cliffs National Park in order to restore native species, and an update on the California Condor populations after the wildfires across the western US.

I was also fortunate enough to speak with Dr. Stephen Ngulu, Head Veterinarian at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya who was kind enough to provide me an update on Najin and Fatu. Eggs were collected from both females last month. The plight of the Northern White Rhino is covered in Episode 5 of the podcast.

Donate to help restore Big Sur Condor Sanctuary: https://www.ventanaws.org/

Donate to help save the Northern White Rhino:

https://donate.olpejetaconservancy.org/

Sources:

Pampas Grass: https://bigislandnow.com/2020/09/23/pampas-grass-eradicated-from-hawaii-island-biisc-reports/

Tiehm's Buckwheat: https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/more-17000-rare-nevada-wildflowers-destroyed-2020-09-16/?fbclid=IwAR0UEAWUbMIwofwbKAOTjIUDishFOGmPb3oq8IWrN-34zkwWMcNPRNmd60k

Mallee Cliffs National Park (AUS): https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/mallee-cliffs-park-is-now-feral-predator-free-with-zero-feral-cats-and-foxes/

California Condors:

https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/environment/article245810215.html

Cover photo of Tiehm's Buckwheat via Wikimedia Commons

Episode 9 - The Rocky Mountain Locust Sep 19, 2020

This insect caused millions of dollars in damage right around when the passenger pigeon was at its peak, but then suddenly disappeared never to plague the western US again. The plague in 1874 holds the Guinness Book of World Records title for the greatest concentration of animals ever speculatively guessed- nearly 12.5 trillion grasshoppers! But in only 28 years they would go from blacking out the sun to completely extinct.

Sources:

Books:

Locust: The Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that Shaped the American Frontier by Jeffery A. Lockwood

Podcasts:

Episode 431 of The Dollop: Year of the Locust

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_locust

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/23/science/looking-back-at-the-days-of-the-locust.html

https://www.hcn.org/issues/243/13695

https://timeline.com/in-the-1870s-12-trillion-locusts-devastated-the-great-plains-and-then-they-went-extinct-6f7c51a15d90

https://www.historynet.com/1874-the-year-of-the-locust.htm

https://bugguide.net/node/view/98442

http://traditionalanimalfoods.org/insects/

http://www.native-languages.org/legends-grasshopper.htm

https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/55/1/80/248302

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Melanoplus_spretus/

https://fcmdsc.wordpress.com/2010/09/17/the-rocky-mountain-locust/

https://legendsofkansas.com/grasshopper-plague/

https://history.nebraska.gov/sites/history.nebraska.gov/files/doc/publications/NH2008Grasshoppered.pdf

https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3625918

https://sci-hub.tw/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6359-6_2289

The Good with the Bad - August 2020 Aug 30, 2020

This month, I wanted to take the time to highlight what is happening at the US/Mexico border. I was fortunate enough to be able to speak with Laiken Jordhal, a Borderlands Campaigner with the Center for Biological Diversity. The environmental, cultural, and humanitarian crisis that is happening at the border is only getting worse while not being thoroughly covered by many major news outlets. The photo I used for the cover art for this episode depicts a dead buck who had struggled to find shelter on a 110+ degree day and collapsed against the border wall. This buck will likely not be the last casualty of this wall, as it is being built along major migratory paths for a myriad of wildlife.

Nowall.org

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Crossover Episode with the Women in Archaeology Podcast - Traditional Use in the Face of Extinction Aug 16, 2020

It was such a joy to speak with 'The Women in Archaeology Podcast' about the impacts to native cultures when traditional animal use is displaced. We travel across North America from west to east talking about the salmon, bison, and Passenger Pigeon. Two of these species recovered from near extinction and are still incredibly important to First Nations/Native American tribes in those areas today.

Women in Archaeology Podcast Episodes

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The Good with the Bad - July 2020 Aug 01, 2020

Hello, everyone! Thanks so much for taking the time to listen to the end of the month episode. This one is a bit longer than my usual updates, but with the new IUCN Red List coming out, there was a lot to cover. Stay tuned for the next full length episode which will be a crossover with the Women in Archaeology Podcast!

As I state in the episode, if you're interested in using this podcast as a teaching resource, please reach out to me at endlingpodcast@gmail.com

Buy me a Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/endlingpodcast

Sources:

Smooth Handfish (RIP): https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/the-first-modern-day-marine-fish-has-officially-gone-extinct-more-may-follow/

School Shark: https://www.miragenews.com/commercially-fished-shark-species-declared-critically-endangered/

Little Penguin: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jul/27/two-men-charged-with-trying-to-steal-penguin-and-eggs-from-tasmanian-breeding-ground

Bison (Alberta): https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5601311

Bison (UK): https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/10/wild-bison-to-return-to-uk-kent

Rewildling Britain: https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/

Suffolk Punch Horse: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-shropshire-53446927

Illegal Wildlife Poisoning:

https://www.4vultures.org/illegal-wildlife-poisoning-case-reaches-court-trial-in-croatia-for-the-first-time/

Norway (Palm Oil and Deforestation): https://vocal.media/theSwamp/norway-becomes-world-s-first-country-to-ban-the-use-of-palm-oil-in-biofuels-to-stop-deforestation

IUCN Red List: https://www.iucnredlist.org/

https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/09/world/iucn-red-list-july-2020-spc-int/index.html

Smooth Handfish Cover Art via: https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/4324

Episode 7 - The Japanese Sea Lion (Nihon ashika) Jul 14, 2020

The Japanese sea lion, locally known as the Nihon ashika, disappeared sometime around 1974 at the latest. It was thought to simply be a subspecies of the California sea lion, but genetic mapping in 2003 led scientists to realize that we had lost another species completely. Just like the passenger pigeon, the ashika wasn't studied while it was alive. Find out what we do know about it in this episode.

If there are any papers that you would like to read but do not have access to, I highly recommend using sci-hub.tw as a way to view them. Science should be accessible, and the woman who runs that site is doing great work.

Books:

The Early History of the Fur Seals: The Beasts of the Sea by George William Steller in 1899

Sources:

Itoo 1985: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmammsocjapan1952/10/3/10_3_135/_pdf

Nakamura 1991: http://nh.kanagawa-museum.jp/files/data/pdf/bulletin/20/bull20_59-66_nakamura.pdf

Yamamura 1998: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316472?seq=1

Gerber and Hilbourn 2001: http://live-conservation-innovation-lab.ws.asu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2001_Catastrophic_events_and_recovery.pdf

Heath and Perrin 2009: https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00046-8

Blaricom et al 2013: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00187-8

Shoda et al 2017: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/118721/1/Shoda_et_al_2017_PURE.pdf

Takase 2020: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438243.2019.1699854

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zalophus/

The Sannai Maruyama Site:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060928074431/http://sannaimaruyama.pref.aomori.jp/english/image/english-pamph.pdf

Alaskan use of sea lions: http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=325

Rewilding talks:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012502/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/09/113_9626.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_sea_lion

Cover photo via Wikimedia Commons/Naturalis Biodiversity Center

The Good with the Bad - June 2020 Jun 30, 2020

A very quick update with only a few good news stories for the end of the month. If you are interested in purchasing a sticker to support the podcast, please reach out. Thanks for listening and please rate, review, and subscribe!

Sources:

Smoky Mouse: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/21/endangered-smoky-mouse-feared-wiped-out-during-bushfires-found-alive-in-kosciuszko-national-park

Bison: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/bison-back-home-on-the-range/

Asiatic Black Bear: https://grapee.jp/en/143329

Giant Pacific Garbage Patch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=51&v=U7Ka0stsTO0&feature=emb_logo

The cover photo is of an Asiatic black bear via Wikimedia Commons. The photo was originally taken by Shiv's fotografia in March 2018.

Episode 6 - The Passenger Pigeon Jun 21, 2020

The loss of the passenger pigeon is one of the most well documented and well known modern extinctions. Their population went from billions to none in a little over 40 years. How did they go from blotting out the sun with their huge numbers to a single bird sitting in a cage in the Cincinnati Zoo? Find out in this episode.

Listen through to the end for an interview with the author of 'A Feathered River Across the Sky', Joel Greenberg. He talks about the book, how every day people can help with modern conservation, and what it was like to see an extinct species in person about 15 years before it was lost forever.

If you are interested in seeing a Passenger Pigeon in person, a list of museums where they are currently housed can be found on the Project Passenger Pigeon website: http://passengerpigeon.org/

Sources:

Books:

A Feathered River Across the Sky by Joel Greenberg

The Passenger Pigeon by Errol Fuller

Johnson et al 2010: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790310002290?via%3Dihub

https://medium.com/wild-without-end/the-second-great-american-extinction-event-1600s-to-1900s-d6e07985116e

https://reviverestore.org/about-the-passenger-pigeon/

The cover photo for this episode is of Martha, and the photo is from Wikimedia Commons

The Good with the Bad - May 2020 May 31, 2020

Here's some more good news for the month of May. I feel like we all need it.

Sources:

https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/dogs-trained-protect-wildlife-saved-22019204

https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/5/19/watch-algeria-reports-sighting-of-ultra-rare-saharan-cheetah

https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/from-a-sri-lankan-rainforest-a-new-species-of-orchid-blooms/

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/white-tailed-eagles-extinct-england-isle-of-wight-a9497476.html?fbclid=IwAR05I09NciSrh8ZqUGYXo_S2c-psGUd-3p2TuGkTdE1WOqxQx2_GXq86fhg

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/may/29/large-heath-butterflies-return-to-manchester-after-150-years

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52530878?fbclid=IwAR2LxFRifRrwBEBDqiukUUiMoVqlOb9cVIDsS7Swj65jtNbF3C_t2ZIiemI

Saharan Cheetah Photo via: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NorthWest_African_Cheetah_(14846381095).jpg

Episode 5 - Northern White Rhinoceros May 19, 2020

Humans and rhinoceros have coexisted in Africa for thousands of years, but have only recently begun a massive decline. How did the Northern White Rhino go from a population that was steady enough to be hunted by the likes of Teddy Roosevelt in 1910 to only 2 110 years later? Find out in this episode.

Donate to Ol Pejeta Conservancy: https://donate.olpejetaconservancy.org/

Books:

Dodging Extinction: Power, Food, Money, and the Future of Life on Earth by Anthony D. Barnosky

https://books.google.ca/books?id=SlXOAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Fateful Journey: The Expedition of Alexine Tinne and Theodor von Hueglin in Sudan (1863-1864: https://southsudanmuseumnetwork.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/willink.pdf

Sources:

Ami Vitale's article about Sudan: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/09/life-changing-lessons-of-the-last-male-northern-white-rhino/#close

Boyle's article for Discover Magazine 2019: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-quixotic-quest-to-birth-a-baby-northern-white-rhino

Burchell's Original Specimens of White Rhinos: http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/130/1300833513.pdf

Moodley et al 2018: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6235034/

Rookmaaker and Antoine 2013: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pierre-Olivier_Antoine/publication/260366379_New_maps_representing_the_historical_and_recent_distribution_of_the_African_species_of_rhinoceros_Diceros_bicornis_Ceratotherium_simum_and_Ceratotherium_cottoni/links/5bd142a045851537f598fd6c/New-maps-representing-the-historical-and-recent-distribution-of-the-African-species-of-rhinoceros-Diceros-bicornis-Ceratotherium-simum-and-Ceratotherium-cottoni.pdf

Lang 1923: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1373564.pdf

Lang 1924: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1373284.pdf

Last Chance to Survive Project:

https://web.archive.org/web/20141024083005/http://www.zoodvurkralove.cz/content/image.php?uid=528e2c5e8e7fd

Hillman-Smith et al 2009: http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/124/1245681966.pdf

Sydney 1965: http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/137/1378891562.pdf?view

Vigne et al 2007:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277032098_Increased_demand_for_rhino_horn_in_Yemen_threatens_eastern_Africa's_rhinos

Vahala et al 1993: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1993.tb03509.x

Wei-Haas for Nat Geo 2015: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150729-rhinos-death-animals-science-endangered-species/#close

Operation Rhino: https://blog.londolozi.com/2018/12/01/operation-rhino/

https://planetrhino.tcu.edu/african-rhino-history/

https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/endangered_species/rhinoceros/african_rhinos/white_rhinoceros/

https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/rhinos-in-rock-art/

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ceratotherium_simum/

http://connecticut.news12.com/story/42133815/africas-endangered-wildlife-at-risk-as-tourism-dries-up

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceros

https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-species/white-rhino/scientists-have-successfully-created-northern-white-rhino-embryos/

https://www.olpejetaconservancy.org/wildlife/rhinos/northern-white-rhinos/

The Good with the Bad - April 2020 Apr 30, 2020

Hey, everyone! I figured everyone might need some uplifting news this month, so this one is just all good news dealing with wildlife conservation. If you are interested in purchasing a sticker for the podcast, please reach out on Twitter or Instagram (@endlingpodcast) or by email (endlingpodcast@gmail.com). The art was done by my friend Wes, who can be found on Instagram as @artandanimals_wesjames. Please be sure to rate, review, and subscribe. Thanks!

Sources:

Rigid Cactus Corals: https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/22/us/florida-aquarium-first-reproduce-ridhed-cactus-coral-trnd/index.html

Wolves in France: https://www.newsweek.com/wolf-northern-france-100-years-1498914

Trail Cam Photos by Céline David Desjardins

Norfolk Island Owl: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/norfolk-island-morepork-owl-new-generation/12150012

Indochinese Tigers:

https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/photos-of-wild-tiger-cubs-in-thailand-rekindles-hope-for-species/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719313813?via=ihub#!

NeMO-Net:

https://www.cnet.com/google-amp/news/nasa-wants-gamers-to-help-it-map-the-oceans-coral-reefs/

http://nemonet.info/

Wildverse:

https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/05/internet-of-elephants-launches-wildeverse-an-ar-game-about-endangered-animals-and-conservation/

https://www.wildeversegame.com/

Episode 4 - The St. Helena Olive Apr 15, 2020

St. Helena is a tiny volcanic island off of the coast of southwestern Africa. This small island was completely uninhabited when it was discovered in 1502, but was covered in plants whose closest cousins were thousands of miles away. On this episode, I cover the St. Helena Olive, one of what was likely the rarest plants on earth before its disappearance in 2003.

Sources:

Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism (1600 - 1860) by Richard Grove

Icones Plantarum, Or Figures, With Brief Descriptive Characters and Remarks, Of New and Rare Plants Selected from the Kew Herbarium by Joseph Dalton Hooker (finished by his son, William Jackson Hooker)

https://sthelena.se/index/olive/

http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:717646-1#image-gallery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena

The radio announcement of the death of the St. Helena Olive:

https://sainthelenaisland.info/endemics.htm

Information about the Millennium Forest Project:

https://sainthelenaisland.info/millenniumforest.htm

Grove, R. (1993) Conserving Eden: https://sci-hub.tw/10.1017/S0010417500018399

Cronk (1989) The past and present vegetation of St Helena

More information about George Benjamin: http://sthelenaonline.org/george-benjamin-the-man-who-saved-the-st-helena-ebony/

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/37598/67372241#text-fields

The Good with the Bad - March 2020 Mar 31, 2020

Just a quick update about some wildlife news this month that you may have missed with all of the news about coronavirus/COVID-19. There's good news about wildlife trafficking and not so good news about your cat. Hear all about it on this episode!

Sources:

https://www.traffic.org/news/airasia-adds-momentum-to-the-effort-to-combat-wildlife-trafficking/

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/world/europe/south-africa-rhino-poaching-leroy-bruwer.html

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/billion-dollar-wildlife-industry-in-vietnam-under-assault-as-law-drafted-to-halt-trading

https://www.inverse.com/science/should-you-let-your-cat-go-outside-gps-study-reveals-deadly-consequences

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2380

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/badger-cull-vaccine-bovine-tuberculosis-btb-cattle-wildlife-dairy-a9378026.html

https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/aussies-tell-of-frightening-big-cat-sightings-across-the-country/news-story/6f84a564199e5fb85f33cd78900957fc

TRAFFIC Online Course: https://www.traffic.org/news/behaviour-change-for-conservation-online-course-launched-on-world-wildlife-day/

Episode 3 - Spix's Macaw Mar 18, 2020

In this episode, I cover the Spix's Macaw. This bird is most well known from its portrayal in the movie Rio, but there is much more to it's story than most people know. This little blue macaw is a symbol of perseverance in a quiet corner of Brazil. Will these blue macaws ever fly in the caatinga again? What happened to the last birds? Find out in this episode!

Sources:

Spix's Macaw the Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird by Tony Juniper:

https://www.tonyjuniper.com/content/spix%E2%80%99s-macaw

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/12/25/a-rare-bird-flies-home-for-good/c7c523eb-1809-42b3-a9dd-0b028c59c3e3/

http://blog.funtimebirdy.com/2014/07/23/presley-the-spix-macaw-passes-away-he-inspired-the-rio-movies/

https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/ultimas-noticias/20-geral/10944-enfim-a-joia-da-caatinga-retorna-ao-lar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spix's_macaw

https://www.spixs-macaw.org/

Donate to help the recovery of the Spix:

https://www.act-parrots.org/donate/?lang=en

The Good with the Bad - February 2020 Conservation News Feb 28, 2020

In this episode, I cover a few pieces of conservation news that came out over the past month. I also talk about what one of the best band names ever might be. Be sure to rate, review, and subscribe! Thanks!

Sources:

China's Wildlife Trading Ban:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00499-2

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-wildlife/china-bans-trade-consumption-of-wild-animals-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKCN20J069

Antarctic Penguin Colonies:

https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/world/chinstrap-penguin-decline-scli-intl-scn/index.html

Abstract: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-019-02613-1

46k Year Old Siberian Bird:

https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/21/europe/frozen-bird-ice-age-scli-intl-scn/index.html

Article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-0806-7

Mountain Gorillas:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51425617?fbclid=IwAR31EPYCanQnuGPZjK3HfEii-pjeRD6qim4PV6lGS-WJACHmn222osnqosM

Albatross:

https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/410160/international-agreement-to-protect-albatross-from-extinction

Bighorn Sheep Release in Nevada:

https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/410160/international-agreement-to-protect-albatross-from-extinction

Cocaine Hippos:

https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2020-02-09/uc-san-diego-biologist-colombia-cocaine-hippos-pablo-escobar

Abstract: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.2991

Episode 2 - The Great Auk Feb 08, 2020

In this episode, I cover the great auk- the penguin of the north. But was it a penguin as its coloration would suggest or something totally different? What happened to this giant bird? Were these animals killed off completely by humans, or were their populations already on the way out? The range of the great auk stretched from Europe to the shores of eastern Canada, so where did they go? Find out in this episode!

Sources:

Razorbill Vocalizations by Stanislas Wroza: https://www.xeno-canto.org/contributor/SDPCHKOHRH

Live Cam on Eldey Island: http://www.gannetlive.com/

Funk Island Videos: http://www.funkisland.ca/videos/

Bengston 1984: https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v101n01/p0001-p0012.pdf

Groot 2004: https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/2073867/fulltextgreatauk.pdf

Thomas et al 2017: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5485528/

Moum et al 2002: https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/19/9/1434/996658

Greive 1885: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/great-auk-or-garefowl/3CC16685E4263C92292EC8055C9453E1

Newton, A. 1861: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb08857.x

Montevecchi and Kirk 1996: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240792777_Great_Auk_Pinguinus_impennis

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OLSON, S. L., C. C. SWIFT, & C. MOKHIBER. 1979. An attempt to determine the prey of the Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis). Auk 96: 790-792.

Serjeantson D. 2001. The great auk and the gannet: a prehistoric perspective on the extinction of the great auk. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 43–55

Books:

The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert

The Great Auk by Errol Fuller

The Great Auk (Gone Forever) by Emily Crawford

Ancient People of Port Au Choix: the Excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetary in Newfoundland by James A. Tuck

Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World by James Greenway

Hope is the Thing With Feathers: A Personal Chronicle of Vanished Birds by Christopher Cokinos