Dr. Chapa’s OBGYN Clinical Pearls

Latest Episodes:

TXA for ENG Implant Bleeding? Jan 16, 2026

Show notes

The ENG implant has data placing it as the most reversible, hormonal contraceptive agent available with a typical use failure rate of 0.05%. Unfavorable bleeding patterns, such as frequent or prolonged bleeding, affect approximately 40% of ENG implant users within the first 3 months but typically improve over time. Nonetheless, it is the main reason for patient discontinuation. In the past, various medications have shown to have at least some short-term reduction in bothersome breakthrough bleeding (BTB). These include doxycycline, ethinyl estradiol (EE), mefenamic acid, combined oral contraceptives (COCs), short term tamoxifen, norethindrone, and ulipristal acetate. In this episode, we will summarize a new RCT (AJOG, released as epub on Jan 7, 2026) which describes the use of TXA for ENG related BTB. Did it work? Listen in for details.

1. Andrade, Maíra Cristina Ribeiro et al. Norethisterone for prolonged uterine bleeding associated with etonogestrel implant (IMPLANET): a randomized controlled trial

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 234, Issue 1, 101 - 115

2. Edelman, Alison et al. Treatment of unfavorable bleeding patterns in contraceptive implant users with tranexamic acid: randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 0, Issue (Articles in Press January 07, 2026)

Does Uterine Incision-to-Delivery Interval Matter? Jan 13, 2026

Show notes

It’s a controversial topic: the impact of uterine incision (hysterectomy) on the neonate delivery interval (also called the U-D interval). Does it matter? Just to be clear, we’re talking about time from uterine entry to fetal extraction, not skin incision to fetal extraction. Past publications have produced conflicting results, often limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous indications for delivery, and reliance on surrogate markers (like apgar scores) rather than clinical morbidity. But a new study published in the Gray journal at the end of 2025 (December 30, 2025) gives some new insights. In this episode, we will review this retrospective study and play the “Devil’s advocate” as we summarize the rebuttal data. As the reports are conflicting, we will end the podcast with a real-world interpretation and application of this data. Listen in for details.

1. Bart, Yossi et al. Uterine Incision-to-Delivery Interval and Neonatal Outcomes among Non-urgent, Term, Cesarean Deliveries. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 0, Issue 0. https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(25)00980-9/fulltext?rss=yes

2. Maayan-Metzger A, Schushan-Eisen I, Todris L, Etchin A, Kuint J. The effect of time intervals on neonatal outcome in elective cesarean delivery at term under regional anesthesia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010 Dec;111(3):224-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.07.022. Epub 2010 Sep 19. PMID: 20855070. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855070/

3. Spain JE, Tuuli M, Stout MJ, Roehl KA, Odibo AO, Macones GA, Cahill AG. Time from uterine incision to delivery and hypoxic neonatal outcomes. Am J Perinatol. 2015 Apr;32(5):497-502. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1396696. Epub 2014 Dec 24. PMID: 25539409.

4. Bader AM, Datta S, Arthur GR, Benvenuti E, Courtney M, Hauch M. Maternal and fetal catecholamines and uterine incision-to-delivery interval during elective cesarean. Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Apr;75(4):600-3. PMID: 2107478.

5. Tekin, E., Inal, H.A. & Isenlik, B.S. A Comparison of the Effect of Time from Uterine Incision to Delivery on Neonatal Outcomes in Women with One Previous and Repeat (Two or More) Cesarean Sections. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 5, 80 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-023-01427-x

cfDNA: Jan 2026 Practice Advisory Jan 10, 2026

Show notes

In January 2026, the ACOG released its Practice Advisory on Screening for fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities. This comes after its Nov 2025 endorsement of the SMFM’s Consult Series #74, “Cell-free DNA screening for aneuploidies: Updated guidance”. In this episode we will review the key parts of this PA. Is screening for microdeletions recommended? PLUS, we will focus on cfDNA for sex chromosomal abnormalities. Should screening for sex chromosomal abnormalities (SCAs) be an “opt in” or “opt out” process for patients? What are nest steps after an abnormal SCA screening result? Are commercial tests available for fetal gender recommended? Listen in for details.

1. ACOG PA Jan 2026: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2026/01/screening-for-fetal-chromosomal-abnormalities?utm_source=higher-logic&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Jan-07&utm_campaign=acog2026-digest

2. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #74: Cell-free DNA screening for aneuploidies: Updated guidance1 in November 2025.

TOLAC, PIT, and Internals: The Latest Jan 08, 2026

Show notes

Uterine rupture or dehiscence associated with TOLAC results in the most significant increase in the likelihood of additional maternal and neonatal morbidity. It should be noted that the terms “uterine rupture” and “uterine dehiscence” are not consistently distinguished from each other in the literature and often are used interchangeably. Furthermore, the reported incidence of uterine rupture varies in part because some studies have grouped true, catastrophic uterine rupture together with asymptomatic scar dehiscence. In January 2026, a new meta-analysis examines the relationship between oxytocin use with TOLAC and uterine rupture. In this episode, we will summarize the key findings in that study and review the data on the use of internal monitors during TOLAC. Do internal monitors (FSE, IUPC) offer a safer TOLAC compared with external monitors? Listen in for details.

1. Nicolì, Pierpaolo et al.Oxytocin dosing during trial of labor after cesarean to minimize the risk of uterine rupture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, Volume 8, Issue 1, 101846

2. Practice Bulletin No. 184: Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 130(5):p e217-e233, November 2017. | DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002398

3. ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 10:Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: Interpretation and Management. Obstetrics & Gynecology 146(4):p 583-599, October 2025. | DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000006049

4. Bruno AM, Allshouse AA, Metz TD. Maximum Oxytocin Dose and Uterine Rupture During Trial of Labor After Cesarean. Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Dec 1;146(6):843-850. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000006106. Epub 2025 Oct 30. PMID: 41325062.

The 2025 Big Baby Trial Jan 05, 2026

Show notes

Currently, as of today’s date, neither the ACOG nor SMFM currently support routine early induction of labor for suspected fetal macrosomia, instead recommending individualized counseling and reserving elective cesarean for extreme estimated fetal weights. However, a 2025 multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial was published in the Lancet comparing induction of labor versus standard care in pregnant women with fetuses suspected to be large for gestational age. The study used a parallel-group design with 1:1 randomization, enrolling women from 106 NHS hospitals across England, Scotland, and Wales. The per-protocol analysis demonstrated a significant reduction (40%) in shoulder dystocia with induction of labor at 38- 38 weeks and 4 days. Is this in conflict with the ACOG current guidance? In this episode, we will review the “Big Baby study” from the Lancet and provide 3 main limitations of this very large study, review the importance of PP vs ITT results, and explain why more data is still needed. Listen in for details.

1. ACOG PB 178; 2017 (reaffirmed 2024)

2. Gardosi J, Ewington LJ, Booth K, Bick D, Bouliotis G, Butler E, Deshpande S, Ellson H, Fisher J, Gornall A, Lall R, Mistry H, Naghdi S, Petrou S, Slowther AM, Wood S, Underwood M, Quenby S. Induction of labour versus standard care to prevent shoulder dystocia in fetuses suspected to be large for gestational age in the UK (the Big Baby trial): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2025 May 17;405(10491):1743-1756. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00162-X. Epub 2025 May 1. PMID: 40319899.

3. Blaauwgeers, Anne N et al. Rethinking induction of labour for LGA fetuses: the Big Baby trial. The Lancet, Volume 406, Issue 10512, 1562

Brain Zapping at Home Now Approved! Jan 02, 2026

Show notes

In mid-December 2025, the FDA approved an at home devicethat aims to treat depression by sending electric current into a part of the brain (the prefrontal cortex) known to regulate mood. This has been available in the UK since 2019 but it is new to the US. The manufacturer has stated that over 55,000 patients have used the device across Europe, the UK, Switzerland, and Hong Kong. How does this work? Is there data to support this new therapy? In this episode, we will summarize three consecutive years of data (2023, 2024,2025) to answer that question. Listen in for details.

1. Sci Amer: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-approves-first-device-to-treat-depression-with-brain-stimulation-at-home/

2. August 12, 2023: Burkhardt, Gerrit et al.Transcranial direct current stimulation as an additional treatment to selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitors in adults with major depressive disorder inGermany (DepressionDC): a triple-blind, randomised, sham-controlled,multicentre trial The Lancet, Volume 402, Issue 10401, 545 – 554

3. October 21, 2024: Woodham, R.D., Selvaraj, S.,Lajmi, N. et al. Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation treatmentfor major depressive disorder: a fully remote phase 2 randomizedsham-controlled trial. Nat Med 31, 87–95 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-

4. December 15, 2025: Moshfeghinia R, Bordbar S,Roointanpour Y, Arab Bafrani M, Shalbafan M. Efficacy and safety of home-basedtranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on patients with depressivedisorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 15;15(1):43850. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28648-5. PMID:41398008; PMCID: PMC12705823.

New Data on VO-CPP (PeVD) Therapy Dec 30, 2025

Show notes

While endometriosis is highly associated with Chronic Pelvic Pian (CPP), some women may suffer from a different primary or coexistent secondary etiology: pelvic vascular congestion, called vascular origin (VO)- CPP. Although controversial as an entity, there have been diagnostic algorithms published (via pelvic ultrasound. MRI, or venography) for this condition. Approximately 10-40% of chronic pelvic pain cases may be attributed to pelvic vascular congestion (now termed pelvic venous disorder), though estimates vary considerably depending on the population studied and diagnostic criteria used. In premenopausal women specifically, the prevalence appears higher. One study found that 8% of all premenopausal women had documented chronic pelvic pain of unclear etiology along with dilated ovarian and pelvic veins on cross-sectional imaging. Therapies for this have been limited. Flavonoids are abundant in a colorful diet of fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine, with common sources including citrus fruits (flavanones), berries, apples, grapes (flavan-3-ols/anthocyanins), onions, kale, broccoli (flavonols), and tea, cocoa, red wine (flavan-3-ols), plus soybeans (isoflavones), all providing antioxidants and potential health benefits like better heart and brain health. On Dec. 23, 2025, in the journal Phlebology, researchers published a systematic review on the potential benefits of specific flavonoid mixtures which may provide relief to VO-CPP. Listen in for insights and details.

1. Gloviczki ML, Demetres MR, Salazar G, Khilnani NM. Venoactive drugs for venous origin chronic pelvic pain in women: A systematic review. Phlebology. 2025 Dec 23:2683555251411027. doi: 10.1177/02683555251411027. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41432346.

2. Knuttinen MG, Machan L, Khilnani NM, Louie M, Caridi TM, Gupta R, Winokur RS. Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Venous Disorders: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2023 Nov;221(5):565-574. doi: 10.2214/AJR.22.28796. Epub 2023 Apr 5. PMID: 37095667.

Emily's Thanks to You Dec 28, 2025

Show notes

A brief THANK YOU prior to 2025 end.

FHT Baseline Change (110-160) in Labor: Danger, or Disregard? Dec 27, 2025

Show notes

In 2002, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) proposed the 3-Tier fetal heart rate (FHR) classification system that was subsequently adopted by many organizations, categorizing tracings into three groups: Category I (normal), Category II (indeterminate), and Category III (abnormal). Recently, our podcast team received an interesting question form one of our podcast family members: “If there is a change in the fetal heart rate tracing intrapartum, but it is still in the normal range (like 120 going to 150)- and variability is normal, is that an abnormality? And what is meant by a ‘ZigZag’ FHT pattern (different than marked variability)?”. That is a fantastically complex question…and we will explain the answer in this episode.

1. Zullo F, Di Mascio D, Raghuraman N, Wagner S, Brunelli R, Giancotti A, Mendez-Figueroa H, Cahill AG, Gupta M, Berghella V, Blackwell SC, Chauhan SP. Three-tiered fetal heart rate interpretation system and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Oct;229(4):377-387. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.008. Epub 2023 Apr 11. PMID: 37044237.

2. Ghi T, Di Pasquo E, Dall'Asta A, et al. Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Between 150 and 160 BPM at or After 40 Weeks and Labor Outcome.Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2021;100(3):548-554. doi:10.1111/aogs.14024.

3. The 3 Tier System: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ncc-efm.org/filz/NICHD_Reference_from_CCPR.pdf

4. Jia YJ, Ghi T, Pereira S, Gracia Perez-Bonfils A, Chandraharan E. Pathophysiological Interpretation of Fetal Heart Rate Tracings in Clinical Practice. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023;228(6):622-644. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.05.023

5. Ghi T, Di Pasquo E, Dall'Asta A, et al. Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Between 150 and 160 BPM at or After 40 Weeks and Labor Outcome. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2021;100(3):548-554. doi:10.1111/aogs.14024.

6. Yang M, Stout MJ, López JD, Colvin R, Macones GA, Cahill AG. Association of Fetal Heart Rate Baseline Change and Neonatal Outcomes. Am J Perinatol. 2017 Jul;34(9):879-886. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1600911. Epub 2017 Mar 16. PMID: 28301895.

PFM Question: IAI WITHOUT Fever? Dec 24, 2025

Show notes

Podcast Family, in our immediate past episode we tackled the discrepancy that is often found between a clinical diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection/chorioamnionitis and histological chorioamnionitis. From that episode, we received a fantastic question from one of our podcast family members: Can a patient have IAI without fever? That question is really deep and highlights a gap in the current diagnostic scheme/ criteria from the ACOG. Listen in for details!

1. ACOG CO 712

2. Sukumaran S, Pereira V, Mallur S, Chandraharan E. Cardiotocograph (CTG) Changes and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Chorioamnionitis and/or Funisitis Confirmed on Histopathology. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2021. C

3. Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. Clinical Chorioamnionitis at Term III: How Well Do Clinical Criteria Perform in the Identification of Proven Intra-Amniotic Infection? Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2015.

Our TOPPODCAST Picks

Follow Us

Stay Connected

Dr. Chapa’s OBGYN Clinical Pearls

Related Podcasts

Links

Stay Connected