During the Holocaust, more than one million children were killed. Those who escaped that fate went into hiding, were forced to emigrate—often without their families—or survived by concealing their Jewish identity. Children were ghettoized, deported, or murdered at the hands of mobile killing squads, or died in concentration, transit, labor, and extermination camps. After the war, those who survived struggled to reunite with family members. Many had to face the fact that they were orphans. This symposium, held April 3, 2003 at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and organized by its Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, explored the variety of fates children experienced, from the perspectives of both scholars and the child survivors themselves.